diff --git a/src/workerd/api/BUILD.bazel b/src/workerd/api/BUILD.bazel
index 7713e536263b..3197914ab805 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/src/workerd/api/BUILD.bazel
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ filegroup(
             exclude = [
                 "html-rewriter.c++",
                 "data-url.c++",
+                "encoding.c++",
+                "util.c++",
+                "util-iocontext.c++",
                 "rtti.c++",
                 "**/*test*.c++",
                 "pyodide.c++",
@@ -23,6 +26,9 @@ filegroup(
             exclude = [
                 "html-rewriter.c++",
                 "data-url.c++",
+                "encoding.c++",
+                "util.c++",
+                "util-iocontext.c++",
                 "rtti.c++",
                 "**/*test*.c++",
                 "pyodide.c++",
@@ -38,6 +44,8 @@ api_header_exclusions = [
     "html-rewriter.h",
     "deferred-proxy.h",
     "data-url.h",
+    "encoding.h",
+    "util.h",
     "modules.h",
     "rtti.h",
     "**/*test*.h",
@@ -121,12 +129,48 @@ kj_test(
     ],
 )
 
+wd_cc_library(
+    name = "util",
+    srcs = ["util.c++"],
+    hdrs = ["util.h"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        "//src/workerd/jsg",
+        "//src/workerd/util",
+        "@capnp-cpp//src/kj",
+        "@simdutf",
+    ],
+)
+
+wd_cc_library(
+    name = "util-iocontext",
+    srcs = ["util-iocontext.c++"],
+    hdrs = ["util-iocontext.h"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = ["//src/workerd/io"],
+)
+
+wd_cc_library(
+    name = "encoding",
+    srcs = ["encoding.c++"],
+    hdrs = ["encoding.h"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        ":util",
+        "//src/workerd/io:compatibility_date_capnp",
+        "//src/workerd/jsg",
+        "//src/workerd/util",
+        "@capnp-cpp//src/kj",
+    ],
+)
+
 wd_cc_library(
     name = "data-url",
     srcs = ["data-url.c++"],
     hdrs = ["data-url.h"],
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
     deps = [
+        ":encoding",
         "//src/workerd/jsg:url",
         "//src/workerd/util",
         "@capnp-cpp//src/kj",
@@ -177,6 +221,7 @@ kj_test(
     src = "data-url-test.c++",
     deps = [
         ":data-url",
+        ":encoding",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/analytics-engine.h b/src/workerd/api/analytics-engine.h
index 5b0a7a3187cd..4176f3476c09 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/analytics-engine.h
+++ b/src/workerd/api/analytics-engine.h
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include "util-iocontext.h"
+
 #include <workerd/api/analytics-engine-impl.h>
 #include <workerd/api/analytics-engine.capnp.h>
 #include <workerd/api/util.h>
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/data-url.c++ b/src/workerd/api/data-url.c++
index f2f19f30d181..0611d344870a 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/data-url.c++
+++ b/src/workerd/api/data-url.c++
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "data-url.h"
 
+#include "encoding.h"
+
 #include <kj/encoding.h>
 
 namespace workerd::api {
@@ -11,18 +13,6 @@ kj::Maybe<DataUrl> DataUrl::tryParse(kj::StringPtr url) {
   return kj::none;
 }
 
-static constexpr kj::FixedArray<uint8_t, 256> ascii_whitespace_table = []() consteval {
-  kj::FixedArray<uint8_t, 256> result{};
-  for (uint8_t c: {0x09, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x20}) {
-    result[c] = true;
-  }
-  return result;
-}();
-
-constexpr bool isAsciiWhitespace(uint8_t c) noexcept {
-  return ascii_whitespace_table[c];
-}
-
 kj::Maybe<DataUrl> DataUrl::from(const jsg::Url& url) {
   if (url.getProtocol() != "data:"_kj) return kj::none;
   auto clone = url.clone(jsg::Url::EquivalenceOption::IGNORE_FRAGMENTS);
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/encoding.c++ b/src/workerd/api/encoding.c++
index fe96f402c222..f334fe136fbf 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/encoding.c++
+++ b/src/workerd/api/encoding.c++
@@ -15,6 +15,18 @@
 
 namespace workerd::api {
 
+constexpr kj::FixedArray<uint8_t, 256> ascii_whitespace_table = []() consteval {
+  kj::FixedArray<uint8_t, 256> result{};
+  for (uint8_t c: {0x09, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x20}) {
+    result[c] = true;
+  }
+  return result;
+}();
+
+constexpr bool isAsciiWhitespace(uint8_t c) noexcept {
+  return ascii_whitespace_table[c];
+}
+
 // =======================================================================================
 // TextDecoder implementation
 
@@ -265,10 +277,6 @@ kj::StringPtr getEncodingId(Encoding encoding) {
 Encoding getEncodingForLabel(kj::StringPtr label) {
   kj::String labelInsensitive = toLower(label);
   const auto trim = [](kj::StringPtr label) {
-    const auto isAsciiWhitespace = [](auto c) {
-      return c == 0x09 /* tab */ || c == 0x0a /* lf  */ || c == 0x0c /* ff  */ ||
-          c == 0x0d /* cr  */ || c == 0x20 /* sp  */;
-    };
     size_t start = 0;
     auto end = label.size();
     while (start < end && isAsciiWhitespace(label[start])) {
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/encoding.h b/src/workerd/api/encoding.h
index 1dc24be22576..71a39d39fbdb 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/encoding.h
+++ b/src/workerd/api/encoding.h
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 
 namespace workerd::api {
 
+constexpr bool isAsciiWhitespace(uint8_t c) noexcept;
+
 // The encodings listed here are defined as required by the Encoding spec.
 // The first label is enum we use to identify the encoding in code, while
 // the second label is the public identifier.
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/form-data.c++ b/src/workerd/api/form-data.c++
index c6a48c12ccf5..06911579736d 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/form-data.c++
+++ b/src/workerd/api/form-data.c++
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 
 #include "form-data.h"
 
+#include "util-iocontext.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 #include <workerd/util/mimetype.h>
 
 #include <kj/compat/http.h>
-#include <kj/encoding.h>
 #include <kj/parse/char.h>
 #include <kj/vector.h>
 
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/gpu/gpu.c++ b/src/workerd/api/gpu/gpu.c++
index 6b1b4199eba5..21eed9fa25e9 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/gpu/gpu.c++
+++ b/src/workerd/api/gpu/gpu.c++
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@
 
 #include "gpu.h"
 
-#include <workerd/jsg/exception.h>
-
 #include <dawn/dawn_proc.h>
 
 namespace workerd::api::gpu {
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.c++ b/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.c++
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fae34fee6466
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.c++
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2022 Cloudflare, Inc.
+// Licensed under the Apache 2.0 license found in the LICENSE file or at:
+//     https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
+
+#include "util-iocontext.h"
+
+#include <workerd/io/io-context.h>
+
+namespace workerd::api {
+
+double dateNow() {
+  if (IoContext::hasCurrent()) {
+    auto& ioContext = IoContext::current();
+    return (ioContext.now() - kj::UNIX_EPOCH) / kj::MILLISECONDS;
+  }
+
+  return 0.0;
+}
+
+}  // namespace workerd::api
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.h b/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4c2c4c9132f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/workerd/api/util-iocontext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2022 Cloudflare, Inc.
+// Licensed under the Apache 2.0 license found in the LICENSE file or at:
+//     https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0
+
+#pragma once
+
+namespace workerd::api {
+
+// Returns exactly what Date.now() would return.
+double dateNow();
+
+}  // namespace workerd::api
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/util.c++ b/src/workerd/api/util.c++
index 65a53deef6c9..03e1b16092a4 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/util.c++
+++ b/src/workerd/api/util.c++
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "simdutf.h"
 
-#include <workerd/io/io-context.h>
 #include <workerd/util/mimetype.h>
-#include <workerd/util/thread-scopes.h>
 
 #include <kj/encoding.h>
 
@@ -259,15 +257,6 @@ kj::String redactUrl(kj::StringPtr url) {
   return kj::String(redacted.releaseAsArray());
 }
 
-double dateNow() {
-  if (IoContext::hasCurrent()) {
-    auto& ioContext = IoContext::current();
-    return (ioContext.now() - kj::UNIX_EPOCH) / kj::MILLISECONDS;
-  }
-
-  return 0.0;
-}
-
 kj::Maybe<jsg::V8Ref<v8::Object>> cloneRequestCf(
     jsg::Lock& js, kj::Maybe<jsg::V8Ref<v8::Object>> maybeCf) {
   KJ_IF_SOME(cf, maybeCf) {
diff --git a/src/workerd/api/util.h b/src/workerd/api/util.h
index 089f67d74967..09edc77812ef 100644
--- a/src/workerd/api/util.h
+++ b/src/workerd/api/util.h
@@ -95,11 +95,6 @@ kj::String redactUrl(kj::StringPtr url);
 
 // =======================================================================================
 
-// Returns exactly what Date.now() would return.
-double dateNow();
-
-// =======================================================================================
-
 void maybeWarnIfNotText(jsg::Lock& js, kj::StringPtr str);
 
 kj::String fastEncodeBase64Url(kj::ArrayPtr<const byte> bytes);
diff --git a/src/workerd/io/io-channels.h b/src/workerd/io/io-channels.h
index fc1df935fa58..56d38e14b6f8 100644
--- a/src/workerd/io/io-channels.h
+++ b/src/workerd/io/io-channels.h
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <workerd/api/util.h>
+#include <workerd/api/util-iocontext.h>
 #include <workerd/io/actor-id.h>
 #include <workerd/io/trace.h>