ed.hlp

0 HELP

This is an online help library for the  ED  editor,  a  multi-window  text  and
binary file editor. For information about how this library works, enter "HELP".
To get rid of this message, hit RETURN.

ED works on a variety of terminals, and you can teach it how to deal  with  new
terminals  with  relatively  little trouble. See the help topic 'terminals' for
more information about this.

1 ABORT

The same as QUIT, except that it terminates file list processing and  multiple-
file  mode. For example, if you specified -ffilename when you started ED, ABORT
would terminate the list processing prematurely. Similarly, if you used a wild-
card  in a file name, ABORT would stop the wildcard processing and give you the
File> prompt immediately. You can also get  out  of  multiple-file  mode  using
ABORT.

1 ascii
    0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   A   B   C   D   E   F

 0  NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS  HT  LF  VT  FF  CR  SO  SI
 1  DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM  SUB ESC FS  GS  RS  US
 2  SP  !   "   #   $   %   &   '   (   )   *   +   ,   -   .   /
 3  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   :   ;   <   =   >   ?
 4  @   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O
 5  P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z   [   \   ]   ^   _
 6  `   a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o
 7  p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z   {   |   }   ~   DEL

1 BOOKMARK

The BOOKMARK command creates a 'bookmark' file, which saves  your  place  in  a
file. The next time you edit that file, ED will position you at the same record
you were on when you last got out of the file.

What actually happens when you say BOOKMARK is this:

o  Suppose you're editing a file called  test.dat,  and  you're  on  the  fifth
   record  in  the  file, on the eight byte. You issue the BOOKMARK command. ED
   creates a file (in the same directory as the file itself)  called  test.dat-
   EDbookmark,  and writes the 5,7 into it. (The 7 is the offset from the first
   byte to the eight byte.)

o  When you leave the file (whether by EXIT, QUIT, ABORT or by closing  a  win-
   dow), ED updates the bookmark file with your current position in the file.

o  The next time you  edit  test.dat,  ED  will  try  to  find  a  file  called
   test.dat-EDbookmark.  If  it  finds  such  a  file,  and  if  it  contains a
   "number,number" string on the first line, ED assumes it's  a  bookmark  file
   and positions the cursor to the specified record and offset.

To make ED stop doing this, delete the bookmark file.

In general, it isn't a good idea to edit bookmarked files with  other  editors,
since  this may make meaningless the position that is specified in the bookmark
file.

You can abbreviate the BOOKMARK command as BO.

1 box_mode

The SET BOX ON command puts ED in "box cut/paste" mode. In box  mode,  you  can
cut rectangular areas out of your file, and paste them in elsewhere, preserving
their rectangular shape. The idea is to make it easy to cut a table and move it
somewhere else. Suppose you are looking at some text that looks like this:

 Now is the time
 For all good men
 To come to the aid
 Of their country.

If you moved to the i in 'is', hit SELECT, moved to the u in 'country', and hit
CUT, in normal cut mode the result would be:

 Now untry.

and the paste buffer would contain:

 is the time
 For all good men
 To come to the aid
 Of their co

In normal cut mode, ED removes all characters from the beginning of the  select
range  to  its end, including the "line breaks" that separate lines of the file
from each other. In box mode, what gets  cut  is  always  a  rectangular  area,
bounded  on  opposite corners by the cursor and the select marker. In the above
case, the box cut result would be:

 Now ime
 For  men
 To che aid
 Of tntry.

and the paste buffer would contain:

 is the t
 all good
 ome to t
 heir cou

Thus in box mode, the number of lines in the file remains constant; only a sec-
tion  of  each line in a group gets cut. When you paste in box mode, ED inserts
the rectangular area you previously cut, starting at the  cursor  position,  by
making  a  space  in the middle of each line, and inserting data from the paste
buffer. This keeps the entire rectangle of data together.

Box mode does not affect other kinds of deletion from  the  file:  DELC,  DELW,
DELL,  deletion/replacement of search strings, and SUBST work in the normal way
regardless of the box mode state. Only CUT and  APPEND  perform  the  box  mode
operation, and only if you enable it.

Note: when you use box cut and paste, ED converts all  TAB  characters  in  the
affected  lines  to  spaces. Also, box mode doesn't work in any useful way when
you are in binary or hex mode (using the -b and -h options when you invoke ED).
Another  peculiarity: when you are in a diredit buffer, and box mode is on, and
you SORT a select range, ED trims trailing spaces from the file names  involved
in  the  sort. If one of the files actually had trailing spaces in its name, ED
would not know this, and would trim them off.  From  that  point  forward,  you
would  be  unable  to  visit  that  file,  because the trailing spaces would be
absent.

1 BIGGER

The BIGGER command makes the window the cursor is  in  bigger.  The  syntax  is
BIGGER lines, where lines is how many additional screen lines you want the win-
dow to occupy. Other windows are made smaller to accommodate the new size.

You can abbreviate the BIGGER command as BI.

1 BYTE

The BYTE command inserts a single byte into the current buffer. You specify the
value  of  the character in the BYTE command itself: BYTE 32, for example would
insert a space character (whose ASCII value is 32). BYTE is very similar to the
SPECINS keypad command, except that you can use the results of a calculation to
determine which value the inserted character has.

You can abbreviate the BYTE command as BY.

1 CALCULATE

The CALCULATE command takes the entire line the cursor is on and  feeds  it  to
the  calculator,  which  tries  to evaluate it as an arithmetic expression. The
calculator puts the result of the calculation (or, possibly, an error  message)
in the PASTE buffer.

You can abbreviate the CALCULATE command as CA.

2 expressions

The calculator takes algebraic expressions as you would  see  them  in  a  math
textbook.   For  example, 2+2. It recognizes '+' for addition, '-' for subtrac-
tion, '*' for multiplication, '/' for division, and '^' for exponentiation. The
order  of  evaluation  is left to right for everything. You may use parentheses
freely.

2 intrinsic_functions

The calculator recognizes the following functions:

 abs   absolute value                exp      exponential
 sin   sine of angle(radians)        ln       naperian logarithm
 sind  sine of angle(degrees)        log      decimal logarithm
 cos   cosine of angle(radians)      sqrt     square root
 cosd  cosine of angle(degrees)      fact     factorial
 tan   tangent of angle(radians)     arcsin   arc sine(radians)
 tand  tangent of angle(degrees)     arcsind  arc sine(degrees)
 cot   cotangent of angle(radians)   arccos   arc cosine(radians)
 cotd  cotangent of angle(degrees)   arccosd  arc cosine(degrees)
 csc   cosecant of angle(radians)    arctan   arc tangent(radians)
 cscd  cosecant of angle(degrees)    arctand  arc tangent(degrees)
 sec   secant of angle(radians)      sinh     hyperbolic sine
 secd  secant of angle(degrees)      cosh     hyperbolic sine
 int   integer part of a number      tanh     hyperbolic tangent

For example, to get the decimal logarithm of seven factorial, you  would  enter
log(fact(7))  on  a line by itself, issue the CALCULATE command, and then PASTE
the result into the file.

2 limitations

Some of the math functions place limitations on what numbers you can feed them.
These limits are:

o  tan, tand, sec, secd -- angle must not be 90 or 270 degrees.
o  cot, cotd, csc, cscd -- angle must not be 0 or 180 degrees.
o  exp, sinh, cosh -- absolute value of the number must be less than 88.7.
o  arcsin, arcsind, arccos, arccosd -- number must be between -1 and 1.
o  sqrt -- number must be nonnegative.
o  ln, log -- number must be positive.
o  fact -- number must be between zero and 33.99999.

1 CD

The CD command changes your current working directory. The command syntax is CD
directory,  where  directory is where you want to go. The behavior of this com-
mand depends to some extent on which kind of operating system you're using.  On
some  systems,  when  you  CD within ED and then leave ED, the operating system
puts you back where you were when you ran ED. Other systems leave you where you
last CD'ed to.

1 changing_case

The CHGCAS key changes the case of either the select range (if it  is  active),
the search string (if the cursor is sitting on it), or the character the cursor
is on (if neither of the first two options apply).  The  default  behavior  for
this key is the same as EDT's, but ED allows other options. You can use the SET
CASE command to change the behavior of CHGCAS. See the help  on  SET  CASE  for
more information.

1 commands

To get into command mode, do either GOLD [7] or press control-Z. You will get a
Command>  prompt. Enter the command you want to use, and press RETURN or ENTER.
If you go into command mode by mistake and you want to go on editing, just  hit
RETURN  (an  empty  command is ignored). Note that as soon as ED finds a unique
match on the command name you type in, it ignores any further characters in the
command.

The valid commands are:

 HELP               BYTE
 EXIT QUIT ABORT    TRIM
 INCLUDE WRITE      CD PWD
 SET SHOW           BIGGER SMALLER
 STORE RESTORE      LOAD UNLOAD
 DATE TIME FILE     SORT
 CALCULATE          DELETE
 GREP PERG          BOOKMARK
                    SUBSTITUTE

To get help on a particular command, respond to the Command> prompt with

HELP command-name

1 defining_keys

Editing tasks tend to be repetitive, so most editors allow you  to  store  some
sequence  of  editor  commands  "under" a key, so that when you want to do that
sequence of operations, all you have to do is hit that  key.  This  storage  of
commands is called "defining" the key. Some keys are so essential to the proper
functioning of ED that they cannot be defined. The ones  that  can  be  defined
are:

o  Keypad keys (except for GOLD)
o  Any GOLD-alpha combination (like GOLD-Q, for instance)
o  Any control key other than ^K, ^Q, or ^S
o  Any user function key (see help on 'terminals')
o  Any alphanumeric key (see help on 'alpha_keys')

To define a key, first hit control-K (press the K key while  holding  down  the
Ctrl  key).  Then press the key you want to define (any of the above keys). Now
you can edit your file as you usually do, but ED will record each keystroke you
make.  When you get done defining the key, hit control-K again. That will store
the keystroke sequence under the defined key. For the remainder of your editing
session,  each time you press the key you defined, the entire sequence of keys-
trokes you entered will be played out.

2 alpha_keys

Certain restrictions apply when  you  are  defining  main  keyboard  keys.  For
example,  if  you were using a text processor and wanted to have a key like 'a'
to come out as '^a/', ED might take the 'a' in the result string as  a  command
to  put  the  whole  string out again. This kind of "recursion" would make life
difficult, so some special rules apply when you are using defined  alphanumeric
keys:

o  alphanumeric defined keys are not recursive.

o  alphanumeric keys do not evolve into their definitions they are used  within
   another definition.

o  alphanumeric keys do not evolve into their definitions when you type them in
   response to any editor prompt. (You have to be able to communicate with ED!)

2 saving_keys

After you have defined some keys, you can save the definitions by entering com-
mand  mode  and  responding to the Command> prompt by entering STORE KEYS. This
will cause ED to create a new version of your editor startup  file,  and  store
all  of  your  currently active key definitions in that file. ED will automati-
cally retrieve these key definitions from this file whenever you start it up.

2 restoring_keys

If you have been messing around with your key  definitions,  and  you  want  to
restore  them  to  their original values, enter command mode and respond to the
Command> prompt by entering RESTORE KEYS. This will cause ED to  read  in  your
standard  definitions  from your startup file and reset all the key definitions
accordingly.

2 undefining_keys

To remove any definition from a key, hit control-K, press the key you  want  to
remove  the definition from, and hit control-K again. This will make the key do
whatever it ordinarily does.

1 DELETE

The DELETE command works only when you are editing a directory. In  this  mode,
you can mark files for deletion by hitting DELLINE (or using the CUT command on
a set of files). The marked files will appear in reverse video. Once  you  have
marked  the  files you want to delete, you issue the DELETE command. ED deletes
the marked files and redisplays the directory.

1 DATE

The DATE command loads the paste buffer with the current  date  in  the  format
DD-MMM-YY, where DD is the day of month, MMM is the month, and YY is the year.

You can use the single letter D as an abbreviation for DATE.

1 environment_vars

ED optionally uses two environment variables to specify the number of rows  and
columns  on  the  screen  as defaults  if the  values on  the command  line are 
specified as zero.  ROWS is an integer value containing the  number of lines on
the screen, and COLS is an integer value containing the screen width.

ED will also replace environment variables imbedded in file names (both in file
prompts and in the user setup file) if they are preceeded by a $.  For example,
a file specified as  $HOME/test.dat  on an ED internal prompt would be expanded
the same way as the shell would expand it in unix.  The special substitution ~/
at the start of a file name is translated to the  "HOME"  environment variable.
If the string following a $ is not a valid environment variable no modification
is made to the file name.

Environment variable substitution is not available on VMS, and  does not handle
~username type syntax on any systems.

1 EXIT

Creates a new version of the file you are currently editing, incorporating  all
the changes you have made.

If you are using the -k backup option, you can suppress creating the backup for
this file using the -n option. For example, EXIT -n will not save the old file.
This is  sometimes useful  if you  want to  save the  contents of  the previous
backup file.

You can use the single letter E as an abbreviation for EXIT.

1 features

ED will:

o  Display many files on the screen simultaneously (see windows).
o  Let you edit files and directories on other systems (see FTP).
o  Save key definitions and other editor settings on command (see STORE).
o  Let you mark your spot in a file, and return to it easily (see MARK).
o  Let you put tab stops wherever you want them (see tabs).
o  Let you use wildcards or regular expressions in search strings (see search).
o  Let you redefine the keys on your terminal (see defining_keys).
o  Let you say things like: ED *.dat, if you want to edit all .dat  files  (see
   wildcards).
o  Allow you to teach it how to talk to different terminals (see terminals).
o  Calculate the value of algebraic expressions  that  include  math  functions
   (see CALCULATE).
o  Sort a file or a portion of a file (see SORT).

1 FILE

The FILE command loads all or part of a file name into the  paste  buffer.  The
behavior of this command depends on whether you are in a diredit buffer or in a
file. If you are in a diredit buffer, ED takes  the  name  of  the  buffer  and
splices  the filename the cursor is on onto the end of it. If you're in a file,
ED uses the file name.

Once ED has built the file name as described above, it puts all or part of  the
name into the paste buffer, according to the following plan:

If you say FILE DIRECTORY, it puts only  the  directory  name  into  the  paste
buffer.

If you say FILE NAME, it strips off the directory and puts only the  file  name
in the paste buffer.  Note that FILE by itself is the same as FILE NAME.

If you say FILE FULL, it puts the entire name into the paste buffer.

You can abbreviate the FILE command as F. You can abbreviate  DIRECTORY  as  D,
NAME as N, and FULL as F.

1 ftp

ED is capable of manipulating files  on  other  systems,  using  the  FTP  file
transfer  protocol. If you are connected to a network that supports TCP/IP, you
can specify directories and files on other systems by using one  the  following
syntaxes:

/host.xxx.yyy:/dir1/dir2...

or

/user@host.xxx.yyy:/dir1/dir2...

If you use the form that includes the username, ED  will  prompt  you  for  the
password.  If  the filename you specify is a directory, you will go into direc-
tory mode. Otherwise, the specified file will be retrieved using ASCII transfer
mode, or BINARY mode if you specified -b when you named the file.

If you leave the directory/filename off completely, the root directory for  FTP
will  be  where you end up (in directory mode). This may not work on certain VM
systems that require you to know a directory name.

Note that FTP servers on non-Unix systems are not very  well  standardized.  If
you  try  to  open a remote file or directory, and nothing happens for a while,
wait a bit longer. You should eventually (perhaps after about one minute) get a
timeout  message if the connection fails. You may get other messages, depending
on the situation. In general, you should either connect to the host or get some
kind of message.  If neither happens, write to sandmann@clio.rice.edu,  telling
what kind of system you were running ED on, what kind of system you were trying
to  connect  to, and what message(s) appeared on your terminal. (If you're on a
Unix system, you may be able to use the 'script' command to capture this infor-
mation.)

There are FTP servers out there that are simply horrible and ED cannot help you
much with them. ED currently understands about a dozen different server styles,
but surely there are more out there. If ED is unable to get file permissions or
modification  dates, it uses ????????? for the permissions and 2-Feb-1955 06:35
for the modification date. (The ????????? does not necessarily mean you  cannot
access the file. You just have to try it.)

Note that you can interrupt the FTP transfer of a file (or a directory listing)
by  typing ^C. The file (or directory listing) will still appear on the screen,
but it won't be complete.

When talking to FTP servers, ED classifies the remote machine into one  of  two
groups,  which  have different syntaxes. Windows NT, MS-DOS, OS/2 and Unix sys-
tems all look like unix systems, that is, filenames  look  like  /a/b/c...  All
other  systems  (including  VMS,  VM  and  MTS)  look  like  VMS systems, where
filenames look like DEVICE:[DIRECT.DIRECT1...]. You can't send a  VMS-emulating
system  a  unix  filename  and  expect it to work. The easiest way to deal with
remote systems when you don't know which kind they  are,  is  to  just  specify
/hostname: (or /user@hostname:). This will put you in the default directory for
the account you specify, and the top row of the window will display the  system
type  in  parentheses.  It's  pretty  obvious,  once  some  filenames have been
displayed, which kind of beast you're talking to.

1 GREP

The GREP command searches through an entire file, looking for a string that you
supply.  It  produces  a  new  window that shows each appearance of the string,
along with (optionally) indications of how many intervening lines did not  con-
tain the string. The syntax is:

GREP string

You can control whether GREP displays intervening line counts by using the  SET
GREP  command. See the help on SET GREP for more about this. You can abbreviate
the GREP command as G. Note that there is a command that does the  opposite  of
what GREP does, called PERG.

1 HELP

The HELP command makes  ED  provide  information  about  various  features  and
issues.  The command works as follows:

o  If you just type HELP, you get a list of topics, and it  waits  for  you  to
   type in a topic name.

o  When you type in a topic name, ED displays the  help  information,  and  may
   print  a list of subtopics. You can select one of these by typing the subto-
   pic name in.  At this point, you would be  "one  level  down"  in  the  HELP
   hierarchy.  Hitting  RETURN  without  typing  any  topic moves you up in the
   hierarchy.

o  Hitting RETURN at the top level gets you out of HELP.

o  You can specify a chain of topic names in a HELP command: HELP DEFI ALP, for
   example,   would  get  you  in  the  subtopic  'alpha  keys'  of  the  topic
   'defining_keys'.
1 INCLUDE

The INCLUDE command inserts an entire file at the current location in the  file
you're  editing.  The command syntax is INCLUDE filename. Wildcards are allowed
in the file name; the first matching file ED finds  is  the  one  it  includes.
Default  extensions  (from  your startup file) will be applied if filename does
not have an extension.

You can use the single letter I as an abbreviation for INCLUDE.

1 invoking_ed

When you invoke ED, you must specify a number of parameters so it knows how  to
talk  to  your  terminal,  where  to  get  your key definitions, and so on. The
required parameters are, in order:

   1  The terminal file name that is appropriate for your terminal.
   2  The name of your personal startup file.
   3  The number of lines on your terminal screen.
   4  The number of columns on your terminal screen.
   5  (Optionally) one of the options listed under the 'options' subtopic.
   6  (Optionally) the name of the file you want to edit, or -ffilename,  where
      filename is a file that contains a list of files you want to edit. If you
      specify -f without a filename, a list of file names is read from standard
      input  (which  lets  you do some pretty amazing things under systems that
      support pipes).

      If you don't provide a file-to-edit, ED will  prompt  you  for  one.  The
      modifiers described above are ignored when you respond to prompts.

The parameters must be separated by spaces. Ordinarily, there will be a  symbol
or alias defined when you log in that takes care of the first four parameters.

2 filenames

If you start ED and don't supply a filename, it will prompt you for one as fol-
lows:

File>

If you don't want to edit after all, hit RETURN to get out.

You can enter more than  one  filename  at  once  if  you  like.  Separate  the
filenames  with  spaces. If you want to edit a file whose name contains spaces,
enclose the name in double  quotes  (e.g.:  "this is a filename").  To  put  an
actual  double  quote  in the file name, use \". To put a backslash in the file
name, use \\. For example, if the file's name were:

this is a long spacey file name with "double quotes"

you would name the file as:

"this is a long spacey file name with \"double quotes\""

You can precede a filename with -f and ED will treat that file  as  a  list  of
filenames that you want it to edit in sequence.

You can use wildcards in the filename if you wish. The implementation  of  this
varies  from  system to system. On AIX systems, for example, there is a system-
defined limit on the number of file names that can be expanded by the shell. In
VMS,  however,  the  wildcards are handled within ED and there is no limit. See
the help on 'wildcards' for a complete description of wildcard processing.

When you are editing from a list, or from a wildcarded file name, you may  want
to  stop the list or wildcard processing. To do this, see the help on the ABORT
command.

When the file name you specify is a directory file, ED goes  into  a  'diredit'
mode. In this mode, ED displays a list of all the files in the directory, along
with the size of each file (in bytes), its last-modification date and time, its
permissions, and an indication of whether it is a directory (directories have a
'd' character in the first column). You can move around in the file list in the
usual  way  - as far as ED is concerned, it's just another buffer (with certain
limitations, see below).

To view a file, move the cursor to the line containing the file name, and press
'a'  if  the  file  is ASCII, or 'b' if it is a binary file. This creates a new
window with the file in it. If the file you hit 'a' or 'b' on is  a  directory,
ED 'moves' to that directory and gives you a new file list. You can move up one
level in the file system by hitting 'a' or 'b'  when  the  cursor  is  on  '..'
(unix)  or  '[-]'  (VMS).  For  moving  around  directories,  'a'  and  'b' are
equivalent; the distinction between them applies only  when  visiting  a  file.
Note that you can use the RETURN key as a substitute for the 'a' key.

Certain limitations apply to directory-mode buffers: you  can't  edit  them  by
inserting  or  deleting characters, and you can't use the INCLUDE, WRITE, BYTE,
TRIM or SUBSTITUTE commands. (You can, however, SORT them).

If you are connected to the Internet, you can edit files on other systems  with
ED. See the help topic FTP for more about this.

2 options

 -r or
 -rfilename  specifies that ED should go into recovery mode,  in  which  editor
             commands are taken from a journal file instead of the terminal. If
             you leave off the filename, ED takes  commands  from  the  default
             journal file, which is defined in your ED startup file.
 -t or
 -tfilename  same as -r, except that no terminal i/o is performed, and ED quits
             when  it gets to the point where it would ask you for another file
             to edit. This option is good  for  text  processing  applications,
             where  you  are  using  a  journal  file  to  control some kind of
             automatic text processing on a file.
 -f or
 -ffilename  makes ED treat the specified file as a list of names of  files  to
             edit,  which ED opens one after another. If filename is not speci-
             fied, ED reads file names from the standard input (on non-VMS sys-
             tems).
 -k or
 -kdirname   makes ED keep a backup copy of any files it updates  on  disk.  If
             you  use  just -k, the backup file is called whatever the file was
             called, with the extension changed to ".BAK".  If  you  specify  a
             directory  (e.g.:  -k~/trash) the old version of the file is moved
             to that directory, and its name remains unchanged.

 -sstring    lets you specify the current search string.

 -pstring    lets you specify the contents of the paste buffer.

 -lstring    lets you specify the contents of the line buffer.

 -wstring    lets you specify the contents of the word buffer.

 -cstring    lets you specify the contents of the char buffer.

 -v          prints ED's version number and licensing information, then quits.

 -u          makes ED display the cursor position constantly.

 -b          makes ED go into 'binary' mode. Use this to edit binary files.

 -h          makes ED go into 'hex' mode, which is  identical  to  binary  mode
             except that all characters appear in <hex> format.

 -1          prevents prompting for additional files (one pass mode).

 -m          makes ED go into 'multiple-file' mode. When you use -m,  ED  tries
             to  open all the files you specify at once, in multiple windows on
             the screen. If there are more files than will fit on  the  screen,
             it  opens as many as it can, and then opens more after you EXIT or
             QUIT. You can break out of multiple-file mode by using  the  ABORT
             command.

 -innn       makes ED move the cursor to line nnn of the file  when  it  starts
             up. Line 1 is the first line of the file.

 -z          makes ED go into a special 'tutorial' mode, where you can teach it
             about  your keyboard. In this mode, ED prompts you for the name of
             an existing configuration file (use one that you think might  work
             marginally  with your terminal) and then asks you to press all the
             key combinations it understands, followed by the  RETURN  key.  It
             then  creates  a new configuration file (which you name) that will
             work with the particular keyboard you're using. We generally  keep
             our  configuration files in the same directory where ED lives, but
             that isn't necessary, since the configuration file is one  of  the
             command-line arguments you specify when you run ED.

1 keypad

This is the arrangement of the keys on the keypad. The arrow  keys  (UP,  DOWN,
RIGHT,  LEFT)  are  not shown, since they are pretty much self-explanatory, and
they appear in all sorts of different places.

 +-------+-------+-------+-------+
 |       |WINDOW | FIND  | UNDL  | The upper entry on each key gives the
 | [PF1] | [PF2] | [PF3] | [PF4] | function of that key if GOLD is pressed
 | GOLD  | CLONE |FNDNXT | DELL  | immediately before the key is pressed. The
 +-------+-------+-------+-------+ lower entry is the function if only the key
 |COMMAND| FILL  |REPLACE| UNDW  | itself is pressed. The two-stroke sequence,
 |  [7]  |  [8]  |  [9]  |  [-]  | GOLD-key, is treated as one keystroke by ED.
 | PAGE  |SECTION|APPEND | DELW  |
 +-------+-------+-------+-------+ Note that keyboards may vary. Sparcs, for
 |BOTTOM |  TOP  | PASTE | UNDC  | example, have no [,] key, so that function
 |  [4]  |  [5]  |  [6]  |  [,]  | appears under the [Pause] key, the [-] key
 | FORW  | BACKW |  CUT  | DELC  | is the UNDL/DELL key, and the [+] key is
 +-------+-------+-------+-------+ the UNDW/DELW key. Of course, you can cust-
 |CHGCASE|DELEOL |SPECINS| SUBST | omize all this by creating your own terminal
 |  [1]  |  [2]  |  [3]  |       | description file.
 | WORD  |  EOL  | CHAR  |       |
 +-------+-------+-------+[Enter]|
 |   OPENLINE    | RESET |       |
 |      [0]      |  [.]  |       |
 |   NEXTLINE    |SELECT | ENTER |
 +---------------+-------+-------+

2 details

This section contains detailed descriptions of  the  functions  of  the  keypad
keys. In general, it is important to understand that each key has two functions
built in. You get one function (the lower one in the diagram) if you just press
the  key.  You get the other function if you press the GOLD key, and then press
the key. So when we say something like "press SUBST," we mean 1) press the GOLD
key, and 2) press the key at lower right on the keypad.

It is also important to understand that many of the cursor movement  keys  have
"forward"  and  "backward"  modes,  which  depend  on which "direction" you are
going. The FORW and BACKW keys set this direction. So, to move forward  in  the
file  one  word  at  a  time,  you  would first press FORW, and then press WORD
repeatedly. The current direction also determines which way ED  goes  when  you
initiate a search for a string of characters.

3 UP

Moves the cursor to the previous record in the file.

3 DOWN

Moves the cursor to the next record in the file.

3 RIGHT

Moves the cursor one character to the right. If the cursor is at the end  of  a
record, it moves to the start of the next record in the file.

3 LEFT

Moves the cursor one character to the left. If the cursor is at the start of  a
record, it moves to the end of the previous record in the file.

3 NEXTLINE

If the current direction is forward, moves the cursor to the beginning  of  the
next  line.  If  backward, moves the cursor to the start of the current record,
unless it is already there, in which case it moves to the start of the previous
record.

3 OPENLINE

If the cursor is at the start of a record, creates a new, empty record.  Other-
wise, splits the current record in two.

3 WORD

Moves to the next word in the current direction.  You  define  what  characters
delimit words by using the SET WORD command.

3 CHGCASE

Changes the case of characters in one of three ways:

   1  If a select range is defined, the characters in the range are changed.

   2  Otherwise, if you are on the current search string, the case of the char-
      acters in the string is changed.

   3  Otherwise, the case of one character is changed, and the cursor moves one
      character in the current direction.

You can alter the way case-changing works by using the SET  CASE  command.  See
the help on SET CASE for more info.

3 EOL

If the current direction is forward, moves the cursor to the end of the current
record,  or  the  end  of  the  next  record if it is already at the end of the
current record. If backward, moves to the end of the previous record.

3 DELEOL

Deletes from the cursor to the end of the current record. If the cursor  is  at
the  end  of  the  current  record,  nothing happens. Note that DELEOL does not
delete the line break itself, as DELL does. Any deleted characters  are  stored
in the LINE buffer, and can be reinserted with the UNDL command.

3 CHAR

Moves one character in the current direction.

3 SPECINS

Inserts any eightbit character. For example, to insert a DEL  character,  press
GOLD,  then  enter  127  using  the numeric keys on the main keyboard, then hit
SPECINS.

3 FORW

Sets the current direction to forward.

3 BOTTOM

Moves to the end of the file.

3 BACKW

Sets the current direction to backward.

3 TOP

Moves to the beginning of the file.

3 CUT

If a select range is defined, deletes it. Otherwise, if the cursor  is  on  the
search  string,  deletes  that.  The deleted characters are stored in the PASTE
buffer, and can be reinserted using the PASTE command. This operation is  often
called "killing," and PASTEing is called "unkilling."

3 PASTE

Inserts the contents of the PASTE buffer at the cursor position.  See  CUT  for
more information.

3 PAGE

Moves to the beginning of the next or previous page, depending on  the  current
direction.  Pages  are defined by means of a "page delimiter string," which you
can control with the SET PAGE command.

3 COMMAND

Lets you enter editor commands. Try HELP to get started.

3 SECTION

Moves the cursor one "section" in the current direction. This is eighteen lines
by default, and you can change it with the SET SECTION command.

3 FILL

Performs word fill on the select range. The right margin is controlled  by  the
SET WRAP command.

3 APPEND

This command is like CUT, except that what gets killed is  appended  to  what's
already in the PASTE buffer, rather than replacing it.

3 REPLACE

This command requires that the cursor be on the search string.  If  it  is,  it
deletes  the search string and inserts the contents of the PASTE buffer at that
spot. The SUBST command is similar, but it automatically takes you to the  next
appearance of the search string.

3 DELW

Deletes from the cursor to the start of the next word in the file. The  deleted
character  are  stored in the WORD buffer, and can be reinserted using the UNDW
command.

3 UNDW

Inserts the contents of the WORD buffer at the cursor position.

3 DELC

Deletes one character at the cursor position, storing it in  the  CHAR  buffer.
The character can be reinserted using the UNDC command.

3 UNDC

Inserts the contents of the CHAR buffer at the cursor position.

3 SELECT

Marks one end of the "select range," which is defined  as  all  the  characters
between this mark and the cursor position. You use this to kill large blocks of
text: 1) move somewhere and press SELECT, 2) move somewhere else, 3) press CUT.
Everything  from  the  SELECT  spot  to the cursor is killed, and stored in the
PASTE buffer. ED marks the SELECT position with a little reverse-video box.  If
a  SELECT  spot  is  already  defined, and you press SELECT somewhere else, the
first selection goes away. You don't have to use RESET, as you do with EDT.

3 RESET

Turns off the select range. Does nothing if you haven't SELECTed a spot.

3 SUBST


The SUBST key deletes the search string, replaces it with the contents  of  the
paste buffer, and then searches for another occurrence of the search string. To
use the SUBST key, enter the following commands:

   1  Press FIND
   2  Enter the text you want to replace.
   3  Press FORW or BACKW, to set the  search  direction  and  find  the  first
      occurrence of the string.
   4  Press SELECT.
   5  Type the text you want to replace the search string with.
   6  Press CUT.
   7  Press SUBST.

Each time you press SUBST, ED will make a  substitution  and  locate  the  next
occurrence  of  the search string. You can use a repeat count for multiple sub-
stitutions.

This command requires that the cursor be on the search  string.  Hitting  SUBST
when you are not on the search string does nothing.

3 CLONE

Alters the behavior of any immediately following  kill-type  command,  so  that
what  would  have  been  killed  remains  in the file, but the 'killed' area is
copied to the appropriate kill buffer just as it normally is when you kill.

3 WINDOW

Puts you in window command mode. See the help on windows for more information.

3 FNDNXT

Finds the next appearance of the search string, seeking in the  current  direc-
tion. Beeps if it is not found, otherwise moves the cursor there.

3 FIND

Initiates a search with a new search string. To  find  something,  do  a  FIND,
enter  the  string, then press FORW to search forward, or BACKW to search back-
ward.  You  can  recall  previously-typed  search  strings.  See  the  help  on
recall_commands for some tips about this.

3 DELL

Deletes  from the  cursor to  the end  of the  current record,  and  splices the  
following record onto the current record.  The deleted characters  are stored in
the LINE buffer, and can be reinserted using the UNDL command.

3 UNDL

Inserts the contents of the LINE buffer at the cursor position.

1 license

ED is an enhanced EDT-like editor, Copyright (C) 1992 by Rush Record (author).
Copyright (C) 1993 by Charles Sandmann (sandmann@clio.rice.edu) maintainer.

ED is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms
of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation.

ED is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License (COPYING)
along with this program; if not, write to:
The Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

If you did not receive a copy of the source code and would like a copy, or
have questions or comments please email or write to:
   Charles Sandmann (sandmann@clio.rice.edu)
   527 Asheboro
   Katy, TX  77450
1 LOAD

The LOAD command loads key definitions from  an  unload  file,  which  you  can
create using the UNLOAD command. The ordinary sequence of operations is: 1) you
use the UNLOAD command to create a listing of your key definitions, 2) you edit
that  file  as  you  see  fit,  and 3) you use the LOAD command to load the key
definitions from that file. You would then ordinarily STORE KEYS  to  make  the
changes permanent (after you tested the defined keys, of course).

The syntax of the command is LOAD filename, where filename is the name  of  the
file containing the key definition listing.

You can abbreviate the LOAD command as L.

1 mark

The MARK and RETURN keys allow you to mark your place in a file and then return
to it after you've been doing things elsewhere.

When you hit MARK, your current cursor position is stored. If you go  somewhere
else  in  your  file,  then  hit RETURN (the special 'RETURN' key, not carriage
return), you will move back to the last spot you marked. If you are on a marked
spot,  and  hit MARK, that spot will be un-marked. If you have marked more than
one spot, and you hit RETURN repeatedly, you will cycle among the marked spots.

On some terminals, these functions are defined as follows: MARK is  GOLD  <down
arrow>,  RETURN  is  GOLD <up arrow>. On the sparc, however, MARK is the 'Stop'
key, and RETURN is the 'Again' key.

You can have up to eight spots marked at any time.

1 newsreader

ED has a built-in network newsreader facility, which is enabled by  running  ED
in one of the following ways:

ED -n <news-server-hostname>
ED -N <news-server-hostname>

If you use -n, ED will display only those newsgroups you are subscribed to  (as
indicated  in your .newsrc file). If you use -N, ED displays all the newsgroups
your server knows about, signifying the unsubscribed groups by displaying  them
in reverse video.

I have tried to keep the user interface simple; except for  Posting,  you  need
only  know  two  commands: 'read' (by typing 'r' or 'R') and 'visit' (by typing
'v' or 'V') The difference between read and visit is the read displays a  group
or article, but leaves the cursor where it was. Visit, on the other hand, moves
the cursor to the just-created window.

The following topics describe the newsreader's user interface.

2 group_window

When you invoke the ED newsreader, it displays newsgroups in  what  we'll  call
the  'group  window'.  This  window is much like a diredit window, in that only
certain keys have any valid function. All the cursor movement keys function  in
the  normal  way.  FIND and FINDNXT also work as you would expect. Inserting or
deleting text, however, is not allowed. As with diredit mode, DELLINE and  KILL
will mark a group or set of groups in reverse video. Normal video means you are
subscribed to a group, reverse means unsubscribed. Reapplying DELLINE  or  KILL
will turn reversed groups into normal ones.

To select a group, press 'r', 'R', 'v' or 'V'. This will make  ED  display  the
articles  of  that  group  in  another window, called the 'article window'.  If
there are more than 50 articles in the group, ED will ask you how many you want
it  to list in the article window. If you just hit RETURN here, ED reads all of
them. If you enter a number, say N, ED reads the first N articles. If you enter
a  range  of  numbers, say N-P, ED skips the first N-1 articles, and then reads
the next P-N+1 articles.

The 'r' and 'R' commands leave the cursor in the group window after the article
list has been displayed. 'v' and 'V' automatically move the cursor to the start
of the article list.

If you use an uppercase command ('R' or 'V') to call up the article window,  ED
displays  all  of the articles in the group, even the ones you've already read.
In this case, the already-read articles are indicated in reverse video. If  you
use lowercase, only the unread articles are displayed.

See the help topic 'article_window' for a description  of  the  article  window
interface.

2 article_window

Article windows have a columnar display. The first  column  shows  the  article
number.  The  second  lists the name of the person who posted the article.  The
third column shows the posting date. The fourth column indicates how many lines
of  text  there are in the body of the article. The fifth column shows the sub-
ject of the article. The subject text may be preceeded by a number of '=' char-
acters,  which  signify  that the article is a response to another article. One
'=' means it is a response to a top-level article. Two '='s mean a response  to
a response to a top-level article, and so on.

The key functions for the article window are the same as for the group  window,
except  that there is a 'p' command (for posting an article).  To read an arti-
cle, move the cursor to it and press 'r', 'R', 'v' or  'V'.   The  behavior  is
much  like  the  group  window's interface: 'r' and 'R' call up the article but
leave the cursor where it was. 'v' and 'V' move the cursor into the article.

The uppercase commands ('R' and 'V') cause ED to display the  article's  header
information. The lowercase commands ('r' and 'v') leave the header off.

When you select an article, ED creates a new window and displays the article in
it.  This window is a regular ED window, like what you get when you edit a text
file. All the keys function normally here.

Every time you read an article, ED changes the line in the  article  window  to
reverse  video so you don't have to read it in the future. If you read the same
article again, ED returns the line in the article window to normal,  which,  in
effect,  marks the article as unread again. You can also use DELLINE to reverse
or un-reverse a line. You can use KILL to do the same to a range of articles.

2 posting

You post articles by typing 'p' when the cursor is in the article list. If  the
cursor  is  on  an  article, your posting will be treated as a followup to that
article; If it is on <end>, it will be a new posting.

When you type 'p', a new window will appear, with header information,  and  (if
it's a followup) a copy of the article the cursor was on, indented with "> " on
each line. You can freely edit anything below the  header  (you  can  edit  the
header, if you know how to do it without breaking anything). When you get done,
type control-Z and enter EXIT if you want to go ahead and post, or QUIT if  you
want  to just skip it. These commands won't pop you out of ED, they only affect
whether the article is actually posted.

2 EXIT_vs._QUIT

When you get done reading the news, you must use the EXIT command if  you  want
to  save a new .newsrc file (indicating changes in group subscription, or arti-
cle read/unread state). If you QUIT, your .newsrc remains unchanged.

1 PERG

The PERG command searches through an entire file, looking for a string that you
supply. It produces a new window that shows each line that does not contain the
string, along with (optionally) indications of how many intervening  lines  did
contain the string. The syntax is:

PERG string

You can control whether PERG displays intervening line counts by using the  SET
GREP  command. See the help on SET GREP for more about this. You can abbreviate
the PERG command as PE. Note that there is a command that does the opposite  of
what PERG does, called GREP.

1 prompts

When you do certain things, ED responds by prompting you for input.  For  exam-
ple,  when you type ^Z, a "Command>" prompt appears. When you are responding to
such a prompt, you have a number of types of editing you  can  perform.  First,
you  can  recall  previously-entered  strings by pressing the up and down arrow
keys. See the help topic 'recall_commands' for more about this.  You  can  also
use  the  right  and  left  arrow  keys  to move about within characters you've
entered. You can pop the contents of the CHAR, WORD and LINE buffers  into  the
string,  and  you  can delete using the DELC, DELW and DELL command keys. About
the only kind of editing you can't do on the prompt line  is  APPEND  and  SET-
COPY.

1 PWD

The PWD command makes ED print the name of the current working  directory.  You
can change the current working directory from within ED using the CD command.

You can abbreviate the PWD command as PW.

1 QUIT

Leaves the file you're editing the way it was. Throws away any  edits  you  may
have made to the file.

You can use the single letter Q as an abbreviation for QUIT.

1 recall_commands

Every time ED prompts you for some input, it stores what you type in.  You  can
recall these text strings by using the up- and down-arrow keys, just as you can
recall commands you give to DCL under VMS, or certain intelligent shells  under
unix.  ED,  however,  maintains  a  separate recallable list for each different
prompt. For example, if you are at the Search for> prompt, hitting the up-arrow
key  will  call up the last thing you entered at that particular prompt.  Simi-
larly, you can recall any file name you have entered in response to  the  File>
prompt, without having to slog through search strings and the like.

The lists of remembered strings are circular; when you get  to  the  end  of  a
list,  it  starts  you over at the beginning again. The down-arrow key lets you
move in the opposite direction through the list.

1 recovery

In a recovery operation, ED takes its orders from a  journal  file  instead  of
from your terminal. This feature serves two purposes:

   1  It allows you to recover your  work  if  your  process  (or  the  system)
      crashes in the middle of an editing session.

   2  It allows you to create journal files that can be used as text file  pro-
      cessors.

There are two ways to get into recovery mode: one (-r) displays edits  on  your
screen,  the  other  (-t) does no terminal i/o, and terminates ED when it would
ordinarily prompt you for another file-to-edit. The latter makes it possible to
do text processing efficently.

2 crash

When your process (or the system) crashes right in the  middle  of  an  editing
session,  you  can  recover  your  lost  work  by issuing the following command
(assuming that 'e' is how you ordinarily invoke ED):

$ e -r

ED will replay all your edits on the file. This may take some  time,  depending
on  how long you were in the file before the crash occurred. Once all the edits
have been replayed, the file will be displayed at the point you were at when it
crashed.  The  last few keystrokes you made before the crash may not appear; if
so, you will have to reenter them. It isn't necessary to EXIT or otherwise save
your  file at this point: even if another crash occurs, you can re-recover your
work any number of times.

2 text_processing

The standard example of editor-controlled text processing is  global  substitu-
tion.  Suppose you want to change all instances of one string to another string
in a set of text files. You might set this up as follows:

   1  You edit a scratch file, specifying some random strings  for  the  search
      and paste buffers on the command line:

      $ e -sabc -pxyz scratchfile

   2  When ED comes up, you first FNDNXT forward, then issue  a  SUBST  command
      with  a  huge  repeat  count.  It doesn't matter if it beeps when you say
      FNDNXT, and it doesn't matter if no substitutions  actually  take  place.
      Just pretend everything worked.

   3  Next, you get out of ED. You have just created a journal file  that  does
      the basics of a global substitution.

   4  You copy the created journal file (whose name is on  the  first  line  of
      your editor startup file) to a safe place, say, globsub.jou.

   5  You can now issue a command to make ED perform global substitutions:

      $ e -sfrom_string -pto_string -tglobsub.jou filename

      The -s option lets you specify the search string, and the -p option  lets
      you  load the paste buffer with the replacement string. This command glo-
      bally substitutes a string in whatever files you specify.

1 repeats

You can tell ED to perform any function repeatedly by using repeat counts.  You
enter  repeat counts by pressing the GOLD key, entering the number of times you
want an operation repeated, and then pressing a key. (You must use  the  number
keys  on  the  main  keyboard  to  enter  the repeat count, not the ones on the
keypad.) Suppose, for example, you wanted to insert 53 'a'  characters  in  the
file.  You  would  first  press  GOLD, then enter 53, then press a. You can use
repeat counts on any editor operation, even defined keys.

If you use a repeat count greater than nineteen on a defined key, ED shuts  off
the  display  while  it  executes  the  operation, then completely repaints the
screen once it is done.

1 RESTORE

Use the RESTORE command to restore key definitions and/or editor  settings  the
you  have  modified during an editing session. For example, if you had used the
SET SEARCH command to alter your search settings from what  you  normally  use,
you  could  RESTORE  SEARCH  to  return  the  search parameters to their normal
values.

The values to which the various settings are restored are those stored in  your
startup file, which is named on the command line when you invoke ED.

The format of the RESTORE command is RESTORE item. If you just say RESTORE, all
items will be restored.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE command as R.

2 AUTO_TABS

The RESTORE AUTO_TABS command will return the setting of the  AUTO_TABS  switch
to the value it had when you last stored it. See help on SET AUTO_TABS for more
information about auto tabs.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE AUTO_TABS as command R AU.

2 AWRAP

The RESTORE AWRAP command will return the setting of the AWRAP  switch  to  the
value  it  had when you last stored it. See help on SET AWRAP for more informa-
tion about autowrapping.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE AWRAP as command R AW.

2 BOX

The RESTORE BOX command will return the setting of the box mode switch  to  the
value  it had when you last stored it. See help on "box_mode" for more informa-
tion about box mode.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE BOX as command R B.

2 CASE

The RESTORE CASE command will return the setting of the  case-change  value  to
the  value  it  had when you last stored it.  See the help on SET CASE for more
complete information about this value.

You can abbreviate this command as R CA.

2 CFRIENDLY

The RESTORE CFRIENDLY command will return the setting of the  CFRIENDLY  switch
to the value it had when you last stored it. See help on SET CFRIENDLY for more
information about C-friendly mode.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE CFRIENDLY as command R CF.

2 CLOSE_PARENS

The RESTORE CLOSE_PARENS command will return the setting  of  the  CLOSE_PARENS
switch  to  the  value  it  had  when  you  last  stored  it.  See  help on SET
CLOSE_PARENS for more information about parenthesis matching.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE CLOSE_PARENS command as R CL.

2 DEFAULTS

The RESTORE DEFAULTS command will return the default file extension list to the
value  it had when you last stored it. See help on SET DEFAULTS for more infor-
mation about default extensions.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE DEFAULTS command as R D.

2 GREP

The RESTORE GREP command will restore the setting of the GREPMODE switch to the
value it had when you last stored it. See help on SET GREP for more information
about GREP modes.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE GREP command as R G.

2 KEYS

The RESTORE KEYS command will return all  your  defined  keys  to  their  saved
definitions.  If  you have defined any new keys before you use the RESTORE KEYS
command, those keys will become undefined.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE KEYS command as R K.

2 OVERSTRIKE

The RESTORE OVERSTRIKE command will  restore  the  setting  of  the  OVERSTRIKE
switch  to the value it had when you last stored it. See help on SET OVERSTRIKE
for more information about overstrike mode.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE OVERSTRIKE command as R O.

2 PAGE

The RESTORE PAGE command will restore the value of the page delimiter string to
what it was when you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE PAGE command as R PAG.

2 PARAGRAPH

The RESTORE PARAGRAPH command will restore the value of the paragraph delimiter
string to what it was when you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE PARAGRAPH command as R PARA.

2 PARENTHESES

The RESTORE PARENTHESES command will make ED restore the list of parentheses to
the  value  it had the last time you stored it. See help on SET PARENTHESES for
more information.

You can abbreviate this command as R PARE.

2 SEARCH

The RESTORE SEARCH command will return your search  parameters  to  the  values
they had when you last stored them.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE SEARCH command as R SEA.

2 SECTION

The RESTORE SECTION command will return the number of lines in a section to the
value it had when you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE SECTION command as R SEC.

2 SHELL

The RESTORE SHELL command will return the shell string to the value it had when
you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE SHELL command as R SH.

2 STABLE The RESTORE STABLE command will return the name of your current search
table  to  the  value  it had when you last stored it. See help on "search" for
more information about search tables.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE STABLE command as R ST.

2 TABS

The RESTORE TABS command will return your tab settings to the values  they  had
when you last stored them.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE TABS command as R T.

2 WILDCARD

The RESTORE WILDCARD command will return your WILDCARD character to  the  value
it had when you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE WILDCARD command as R WI.

2 WORD

The RESTORE WORD command will restore the values of the word delimiters to what
they were when you last stored them.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE WORD command as R WO.

2 WRAP

The RESTORE WRAP command will return the wrap margin to the value it  had  when
you last stored it.

You can abbreviate the RESTORE WRAP command as R WR.

1 search

Searching for a text string in ED works much the same way it does in EDT,  with
a few extensions. In addition to the EDT-like search settings:

o  General/Exact - controls case-sensitivity.
o  Beginning/End - where the cursor ends up.

ED includes four additional settings:

o  Wild/Nowild - controls whether search wildcards are enabled.
o  Table/Notable - controls whether a search table is used.
o  Regex/Noregex - controls whether regular expressions are used.
o  Char/Word - controls whether 'word mode' is used.

See the help on SET SEARCH for more information about setting the search flags.

2 binary_mode

If the buffer you're searching in was opened  in  binary  mode,  ED  completely
ignores  the  line  breaks in your file, and just treats it as an uninterrupted
sequence of bytes. This means that you can search for carriage  return  charac-
ters (ASCII 13), which is impossible in ascii mode.

Binary-buffer searches ignore the WORD and REGEX search flags.  You  can,  how-
ever,  use  the  GENERAL/EXACT, WILD/NOWILD and TABLE/NOTABLE settings with the
usual effect.

2 wildcards

There is a search setting (SET SEARCH [NO]WILD) that allows you to use  a  spe-
cial  character  you  specify  as a match-all character within a search string.
When your search string contains wildcards, ED ignores the correspond character
in the file.

You set the value of the wildcard character using the SET WILDCARD command.

When you use wildcards, make sure they are embedded within the  search  string.
Wildcards  on  either  end  of the search string are unnecessary and won't work
properly.

2 tables

There is a search setting (SET SEARCH [NO]TABLE) that  allows  you  to  use  an
external  "translation  table"  to  modify  the  way your search proceeds. When
search is set to NOTABLE, the search works the way EDT's search does, that  is,
SET SEARCH GENERAL/EXACT takes precedence. When search is set TABLE, the search
routine uses the current search table (see help on  SET  STABLE)  to  translate
every  character in your file before it compares it to your search string. This
lets you do searches for for things like ##.##, where # represents any  numeric
character.

You can use ED to create search tables; they are just text files that contain a
pair of characters on each line. Here is an example:

                           0#
                           1#
                           2#
                           3#
                           4#
                           5#
                           6#
                           7#
                           8#
                           9#
                           +m
                           -m
                           /m
                           *m
                           =m

Each line of the search table file should have only two characters.  The  first
character  can  be  anything, the second character is the character you want to
use in your search string to match the first one. There should not be any blank
lines  in  the  file.  The  above example table lets you use the # character to
match any digit, and the m character to match mathematical operators.

Once you create a search table, you should use the SET STABLE command  to  tell
ED which table to use, and then say SET SEARCH TABLE to enable the table-driven
search mode.

2 buffers

The PASTE, LINE, WORD and CHAR buffers are always available to you,  even  when
ED if prompting you for information. For example, when you enter a FIND command
(GOLD PF3), ED prompts you for a search string. You can, at this point,  either
type  the  string  in,  or use any of the keypad keys that unkill to add to the
search string. Suppose you had just killed the word 'xyz ' and  you  wanted  to
search  for  it.  You  would first enter FIND, then UNDW ('xyz ' appears in the
search string) and then FORW or BACKW to set the search direction.

This can be a very useful feature when combined with defined keys. You can pro-
gram a key that grabs a subroutine name and automatically opens the source file
for that routine, for example.

2 regular_expressions

You should look at whatever unix documentation  is  available  for  a  complete
description  of regular expressions. We include here a brief description of the
most common features:

   1  In a regular expression, the character . matches any single character.
   2  A list of characters in square brackets matches any single character from
      the list. For example, [abc] would match 'a', 'b' or 'c'. You can use a -
      to indicate a range of characters:  [a-z]  matches  all  lowercase  alpha
      characters.
   3  Any other character must exactly match.

These are an extreme simplification of the rules, but they  may  help  get  you
started.  Note that enabling regular expressions overrides the WILD/NOWILD set-
ting.

2 word_mode

The idea of word mode is that you can search for a set of  words,  without  any
restriction  on  the number of word delimiters that separate them. For example,
suppose the file contains:

This the first line,
and this is the second line.

In word mode, you could search for "line and" and ED would find  it,  since  it
ignores  the  ',' and the line break (assuming that ',' appears in your list of
word delimiters).

You can combine word mode and REGEX mode to search for a sequence of words that
match  a  sequence  of  regular expressions. This works as follows: your search
string is first broken up into a sequence of regular expressions. These must be
separated  by  spaces  (if  you  want  to use a space within one of the regular
expressions, use [:space:]). Now ED scans the file for  words,  comparing  each
word to one of these regular expressions. A match is found when all of the reg-
ular expressions match their corresponding words.

1 SET

The SET command allows you set certain editor parameters.

You can abbreviate the SET command as SE.

2 AUTO_TABS

The  SET AUTO_TABS  command controls whether  tabs and spaces are automatically
generated  when  you  hit a RETURN in a file. If you say SET AUTO_TABS ON, then
whenever you hit RETURN in the file, ED checks the previous  line,  and  if  it
begins with one or more whitespace characters,  ED  inserts the same whitespace 
just to the left of the cursor.  To turn auto tabs off,  say  SET AUTO_TABS OFF.
To change it from off to on or vice-versa, say SET AUTO_TABS TOGGLE.

You can abbreviate the SET AUTO_TABS as command SE AU.

2 AWRAP

Use the SET AWRAP command to control whether ED  'autowraps'  your  text  entry
when  the length of a line exceeds the 'wrap margin' (see SET WRAP). If you say
SET AWRAP ON, then whenever you type characters and the cursor goes beyond  the
wrap  margin, ED inserts a carriage return. To turn autowrap off, say SET AWRAP
OFF. To change it from off to on or vice-versa, say SET AWRAP TOGGLE.

You can abbreviate the SET AWRAP as command SE AW.

2 BOX

The SET BOX command puts ED  in  "box  cut/paste"  mode.  See  the  help  topic
"box_mode" for a description of box mode.

To get into box mode, say SET BOX ON. To return to normal  mode,  say  SET  BOX
OFF.  To change it from off to on or vice-versa, say SET BOX TOGGLE.

You can abbreviate the SET BOX command as SE B.

2 CASE

Use the SET CASE command to control the effect of the  CHGCAS  key.  There  are
four possible settings for CASE:

Upper        This setting causes the CHGCAS key to set the  affected  range  to
             upper case.
Lower        This setting causes the CHGCAS key to set the  affected  range  to
             lower case.
Opposite     This setting causes the CHGCAS key to change upper  to  lower  and
             vice-versa.
Capitalize   This setting causes the CHGCAS key to capitalize each word in  the
             range.

You can abbreviate the SET CASE command as SE CA.

2 CFRIENDLY

Use the SET CFRIENDLY command to control whether ED automatically formats  your
file  whenever  you type a } character. If you say SET CFRIENDLY ON, then when-
ever you type }, ED finds the matching { character, and inserts  a  line  break
and the same whitespace  as found on the line with the  {  to align the  }.  To 
turn this mode off, say  SET CFRIENDLY OFF.  To  change  it  from  off to on or 
vice-versa, say SET CFRIENDLY TOGGLE.

You can abbreviate the SET CFRIENDLY command as SE CF.

2 CLOSE_PARENS

Use the SET CLOSE_PARENS command  to  control  whether  ED  shows  you  closing
parentheses.  If  you say SET CLOSE_PARENS ON, and you type an open parenthesis
or a close parenthesis, your cursor will briefly jump to the  matching  closing
or  opening  parenthesis. To turn the feature off, say SET CLOSE_PARENS OFF. To
change it from off to on or vice-versa, say SET CLOSE_PARENS TOGGLE.

Actually, you have to specify which kinds of parentheses you want the editor to
match with each other. See help on SET PARENTHESES for more information.

You can abbreviate the SET CLOSE_PARENS command as SE CL.

2 DEFAULTS

Use the SET DEFAULTS command to set your list of default  extensions.  Whenever
you  give  ED  a  file name to edit or include, it first tries to open the file
name as given. If it can't find the  file,  it  tries  appending  your  default
extensions,  one  at  a  time,  checking  each new file name to see if the file
exists. If it finds a file, it assumes you meant that  one  and  proceeds  nor-
mally.  If it doesn't find any existing file, it opens an empty buffer and uses
the name you gave at first as the name for that buffer.

The effect of this is that you don't have to always be typing file  extensions.
Usually ED will open the file you wanted, given only its first name.

The syntax is SET DEFAULTS ext1 ext2 ext3... You can have any number of  exten-
sions. Don't include the . in the extensions, ED will provide that for you.

You can abbreviate the SET DEFAULTS command as SE D.

2 GREP

Use the SET grep command to control whether GREP displays include an indication
of how many lines intervene between match lines. There are two GREP modes: VER-
BOSE and SILENT. In verbose mode, ED reports the  intervening  lines,  whil  in
silent mode, it doesn't. The mode applies in the same way to displays generated
by the PERG command.

You can abbreviate the SET GREP command as SE G.

2 OVERSTRIKE

Use the SET OVERSTRIKE command to control whether ED is in 'insert'  or  'over-
strike'  mode.  In  insert mode (the default), characters you type are inserted
into file records, shifting things over to make room for the  inserted  charac-
ters.  In overstrike mode, characters you type overlay the existing characters.
To turn this mode on, say  SET OVERSTRIKE ON.  To turn this mode off,  say  SET 
OVERSTRIKE OFF.  To change it from off to on or vice-versa, say  SET OVERSTRIKE
TOGGLE.

You can abbreviate the SET OVERSTRIKE command as SE O.

2 PAGE

Use the SET PAGE command to set the page delimiter string.  When  you  use  the
PAGE  command,  ED  will search for this string, position it on THE top line of
the current window, and move the cursor to the end  of  the  page  string.  The
default  page string is control-L (the form-feed character). To change the page
delimiter string, hit control-Z to get the command prompt, and enter SE PAG. ED
will  prompt  you  for  the  page delimiter string. You can enter up to sixteen
characters. Terminate the entry by pressing ENTER.

2 PARAGRAPH

Use the SET PARAGRAPH command to  set  the  paragraph  delimiter  string.  This
string  is  used  by the FILL command to decide where paragraphs start and end.
FILL will perform word fill within a paragraph, but will  not  disturb  strings
that  match  the delimiter string or characters on either side of such strings.
The default paragraph delimiter string  is  two  carriage  returns  in  a  row.
Another  useful  paragraph delimiter string is the tab character, especially if
your text is heavily indented with tabs.  To  change  the  paragraph  delimiter
string,  hit  control-Z  to  get the command prompt, and enter SE PARA. ED will
prompt you for the paragraph delimiter string. You  can  enter  up  to  sixteen
characters. Terminate the entry by pressing ENTER.

2 PARENTHESES

Use the SET PARENTHESES command to set the parenthesis list. ED uses this  list
to  decide  what  characters  to  match with each other when CLOSE_PARENS is in
effect.

The parenthesis list is a set of up to sixteen pairs of characters.  The  first
character  in  each pair is called the OPEN character; the second is called the
CLOSE character. When CLOSE_PARENS is in effect, ED looks at each character you
insert  to see if it is in the parenthesis list. If it appears as an OPEN char-
acter, ED searches forwards from the cursor position, looking for the  matching
CLOSE  character in your file. If it finds a match, it moves the cursor to that
character for a moment so you can see which character matched. If the character
you  insert  is  a  CLOSE  character,  ED searches backwards in your file for a
matching OPEN characters, and does the same maneuver with the cursor.

If the OPEN and CLOSE characters of a pair are the same, ED  just  scans  back-
wards for the first occurrence of the character.

To change the parenthesis list, hit control-Z to get the  command  prompt,  and
enter SE PARE. ED will prompt you for the parenthesis list. You can enter up to
sixteen pairs of characters. Terminate the entry by pressing ENTER. Remember to
enter PAIRS of characters. A typical parenthesis list might look like (){}[].

2 SEARCH

Use the SET SEARCH command to change the way ED searches for strings  when  you
use  the  FNDNXT key. There are six independent search parameters, and each one
has two possible settings.

The default search settings are:

GENERAL,BEGINNING,NOWILD,NOTABLE,NOREGEX,CHAR.

You can abbreviate the SET SEARCH command as SE SEA.

3 GENERAL/EXACT

If search is set GENERAL, ED ignores whether letters are upper  or  lower  case
when  it searches. If set EXACT, the match must be exact, including the case of
the letters.

GENERAL may be abbreviated as G, EXACT as EX.

3 BEGINNING/END

Determines whether ED leaves the cursor at the beginning or end of  the  search
string, once it finds it.

BEGINNING may be abbreviated as BE, END as EN.

3 NOWILD/WILD

If set WILD, embedded any appearance of the WILDCARD character  in  the  search
string  will be treated as a match-all, that is, any character will be a match.
If set NOWILD, WILDCARD characaters in the search string  must  be  matched  by
WILDCARD  characters in the file. Wildcards should not be used at the beginning
or end of the search string. They are unnecessary there.

You can set the WILDCARD value using the SET WILDCARD command.

NOWILD may be abbreviated as NOW, WILD as WI.

3 NOTABLE/TABLE

If set TABLE,  all  buffer  characters  are  translated,  using  the  currently
selected  search table, before they are compared with the search string. If set
NOTABLE, the search table is not used, and the setting of  GENERAL/EXACT  takes
effect. See help on SEARCH for more information.

NOTABLE may be abbreviated as NOT, TABLE as T.

3 NOREGEX/REGEX

If set REGEX, your search strings are treated as regular expressions  (such  as
are  understood  by  'grep'),  rather than as text strings. Regular expressions
give you much more flexibility in searching than regular strings do.  See  help
on SET SEARCH for more information about regular expressions.

NOREGEX may be abbreviated as NOR, REGEX as R.

3 CHAR/WORD

If you set WORD, ED uses 'word mode' to search the  file.  In  word  mode,  the
search  string is broken up into words (using the currently-defined word delim-
iters) and ED searches for those words, regardless of what separates them.  The
idea  is  that  you can search for a sequence of words, even if there is a line
break in the middle of them. See the help topic  "search  word_mode"  for  more
about this.

CHAR may be abbreviated as C, WORD as WO.

2 SECTION

Use the SET SECTION command to set the number of lines the  SECTION  key  moves
the  cursor.  The syntax of the command is SET SECTION n, where n is the number
of lines in a section.

If you SET SECTION to a value less than or equal to  zero,  it  is  interpreted
differently.  If  you  SET  SECTION 0, for example, that means a section is one
screenful, that is, the number of lines that are visible in the current window.
If  you set it to -1, that means one screenful minus 1, giving a 1-line overlap
between sections. Similarly, -5 would mean a 5-line overlap.

You can abbreviate the SET SECTION command as SE SEC.

2 SHELL

Use the SET SHELL command to set the shell that  you  use  (on  unix  systems).
When  you  use  the window Spawn command, this shell will be run in the created
process. The syntax is SET SHELL command-that-invokes-shell.  For  example,  c-
shell users would say SET SHELL /bin/csh.

You can abbreviate the SET SHELL command as SE SH.

2 STABLE

Use the SET STABLE command to set the name of the  current  search  table.  The
syntax  of the SET STABLE command is SET STABLE table_file_name. For a descrip-
tion of the table format, see the 'search' help topic.

You can abbreviate the SET STABLE command as SE ST.

2 TABS

The SET TABS command allows you change the tab settings on your  terminal.  The
tab  settings  are  defined in your startup file, and you can edit them freely.
The syntax is SET TABS tab_name, where tab_name  is  defined  in  your  startup
file.

You can abbreviate the SET TABS command as SE T.

2 WILDCARD

Use the SET WILDCARD command to indicate which ascii character you want to  use
as a wildcard in searches when the search mode is set WILD. For example, if you
say SET WILDCARD x, and you SET SEARCH WILD, you can use  'x'  as  a  match-all
character in your search strings.

You can abbreviate the SET WILDCARD command as SE WI.

2 WORD

Use the SET WORD command to tell ED what characters delimit words. ED considers
the  beginning  of a word to be any character that is preceded by a word delim-
iter character. The default word delimiters are: space, carriage  return,  line
feed,  vertical tab, form feed, and tab. The set of word delimiters affects the
behavior of the WORD, DELW, and delete-to-beginning-of-word keys. To change the
word  delimiters, hit control-Z to get the command prompt, and enter SE WO.  ED
will prompt you for the new word delimiters. You can  enter  up  to  sixty-four
characters.  Each character you enter will become a valid word delimiter.  Ter-
minate the entry by pressing ENTER.

2 WRAP

Use the SET WRAP command to set the right margin the FILL command uses when  it
does  word  fill  on the select range. The syntax is SET WRAP n, where n is the
column number of the right-hand margin.

You can abbreviate the SET WRAP command as SE WR.

1 SHOW

Use the SHOW command to display information about current editor  settings  and
file  names. The syntax is SHOW item. If you omit the item, ED will display all
current settings and file names.

You can abbreviate the SHOW command as SH.

2 AUTO_TABS

The SHOW AUTO_TABS command will make ED display whether the auto  tabs  feature
is turned on or off. See the 'SET AUTO_TABS' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH AU.

2 AWRAP

The SHOW AWRAP command will make ED display whether  the  autowrap  feature  is
turned on or off. See the 'SET AWRAP' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH AW.

2 BOX

The SHOW BOX command will make ED display whether box cut/paste mode is  turned
on or off. See the "box_mode" help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH B.

2 CASE

The SHOW CASE command will make ED display  the  current  case-change  setting,
which may be Upper, Lower, Opposite or Capitalize. See the help on SET CASE for
more complete information about these choices.

You can abbreviate this command as SH CA.

2 CFRIENDLY

The SHOW CFRIENDLY command will make ED  display  whether  C-friendly  mode  is
turned on or off. See the 'SET CFRIENDLY' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH CF.

2 CLOSE_PARENS

The SHOW CLOSE_PARENS command will make ED display whether parenthesis matching
is  turned  on  or off. See the 'SET CLOSE_PARENS' help topic for more informa-
tion.

You can abbreviate this command as SH CL.

2 DEFAULTS

The SHOW DEFAULTS command will make ED display the current list of default file
extensions. See the 'SET DEFAULTS' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH D.

2 GREP

The SHOW GREP command will make ED display whether the GREP command is in  ver-
bose or silent mode. See the 'SET GREP' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH G.

2 MODIFICATIONS

The SHOW MODIFICATIONS command will make ED indicate  whether  the  buffer  the
cursor is in has been modified since it was opened.

You can abbreviate the SHOW MODIFICATIONS command as SH M.

2 OVERSTRIKE

The SHOW OVERSTRIKE command will make ED display  whether  overstrike  mode  is
turned on or off. See the 'SET OVERSTRIKE' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH O.

2 PAGE

The SHOW PAGE command will make ED display the current page  delimiter  string.
This  string  is  used  by the keypad PAGE command to define the beginning of a
page. You can set the value of this string with the SET PAGE command.

You can abbreviate this command as SH PAG.

2 PARAGRAPH

The SHOW PARAGRAPH command will make ED display the current paragraph delimiter
string.  This  string  is used by the keypad FILL command to decide where para-
graphs start and end. You can set the value of this string with the  SET  PARA-
GRAPH command.

You can abbreviate this command as SH PARA.

2 PARENTHESES

The SHOW PARENTHESES command will make ED display the currently active list  of
parentheses. See the 'SET PARENTHESES' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH PARE.

2 POSITION

The SHOW POSITION command will make ED display:

o  The line number of the line the cursor is on.
o  Which byte of the file the cursor is on (record  terminators  count  as  one
   byte).
o  Which row of the screen the cursor is on.
o  Which column of the screen the cursor is on.

You can have ED display your position constantly by using the  -u  option  when
you invoke ED. See the 'invoking_ed' help topic for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as SH PO.

2 SEARCH

The SHOW SEARCH command will make ED display the current search  settings.  See
the help on SEARCH for a description of these settings.

You can abbreviate this command as SH SEA.

2 SECTION

The SHOW SECTION command will make ED display the number of  lines  the  cursor
moves when you hit the SECTION key. You can modify this value with the SET SEC-
TION command.

You can abbreviate this command as SH SEC.

2 TABS

The SHOW TABS command will make ED display the name of the current  tab  setup.
You can change the tab settings with the SET TABS command.

You can abbreviate this command as SH T.

2 WILDCARD

The SHOW WILDCARD command will make ED display the current search-string  WILD-
CARD value. See SET WILDCARD for a description of how search wildcards work.

2 WORD

The SHOW WORD command will make ED display the current set of word  delimiters.
See SET WORD for a description of how the word delimiters work.

You can abbreviate this command as SH WO.

2 WRAP

The SHOW WRAP command will make ED display the current value of the  fill  wrap
margin. This value is used by the keypad FILL command. See help on SET WRAP for
information about this parameter.

You can abbreviate this command as SH WO.

1 SMALLER

The SMALLER command makes the window the cursor is in smaller.  The  syntax  is
SMALLER  lines, where lines is how many screen lines you want deducted from the
window. Other windows are made bigger to accommodate the new size.

You can abbreviate the SMALLER command as SM.

1 SORT

The SORT command sorts a group of records in a buffer. The  command  syntax  is
SORT  or SORT R if you want reverse (descending) order. Its behavior depends on
whether select is active, and whether box mode is in effect:

If select is not active, the entire buffer is sorted.

If select is active, and box mode is not in effect, only the  select  range  is
sorted,  with  the  proviso  that only the records that would be (at least par-
tially) killed, if you issued a CUT command, are sorted.

If box mode is in effect, only the records that  participate  in  the  box  are
sorted,  and  only what is in the box determines the order. In other words, the
portion of each record that is in the box is  the  key  for  the  sort.  Entire
records are sorted, however, not just what's in the box. Note that records that
do not extend into the box are treated as having blank keys.

You cannot abbreviate the SORT command, because the danger of mistyping another
command is too great.

1 startup

When you start ED, you specify on the command  line  the  name  of  a  personal
startup  file,  which contains all your preferences for how ED works. Here is a
sample startup file:

 ~/ed.jou
 shell=/bin/csh
 tabs=5
 curtab=1
 NORMAL
 t       t       t       t       t       t       t       t       t       t...
 c
 t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t...
 fortran
 t       t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t...
 macro
 t               t        t     t     t     t     t     t     t     t     t...
 none
 tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt...
 wrap=80
 section=18
 word=<1d>032<1d>009,.+=-*/[]{}()<1d>010<1d>011<1d>012<1d>013
 page=<1d>012
 paragraph=<1d>013<1d>013
 search=gbnn
 stable=~/categories.st
 close=y
 parens=(){}[]
 defext=c h for mar com dat log rno
 auto=y
 cfriendly=y
 boxmode=n
 ndefined=11
 d1 3 da 1 6f 1 d 1 ce 3 da 1 63 1 d 1 ...

In this file, the ASCII character <1d> is special:  it  is  always  immediately
followed by three decimal digits that give the value of the intended character.
The page delimiter character, for example, appears as <1d>012, which means  the
ASCII form-feed character (whose decimal value is 12). You should represent any
non-printable character in this way, when it needs to  appear  in  the  startup
file.

There follows a description of each line in the file:

   ~/ed.jou
        The name of the default journal file. ED uses this to allow you to  say
        ED -r when you want to recover whatever you were last working on.
   shell=/bin/csh
        The command you want ED to use when you create a  Spawn  window  (which
        creates a window with another process in it).
   tabs=5
        The number of tab setups that follow.
   curtab=1
        Which tab setup is to be used by default (number 0 is the first).
   NORMAL
   t      t...
        Each tab setup is described by two lines. The first line gives the name
        of  the  setup  (which  you  use  when issuing a SET TABS command). The
        second line is a series of t's and spaces that tells ED where  the  tab
        stop  are.  In  the  example file, the NORMAL setup has tab stops every
        eight columns.
   wrap=80
        The left margin beyond which word fill will not extend  any  line.  See
        the help on "KEYPAD details FILL" for more information.
   section=18
        The number of lines ED moves when you issue a SECTION command. If  this
        value  is  less than or equal to zero, the number of lines moved is the
        number of lines in the current window, plus the value. A value  of  -1,
        for  example,  will  cause  the  SECTION command to move one screenful,
        minus one line (so you have a one-line overlap).
   word=<1d>032<1d>009,.+=-*/[]{}()<1d>010<1d>011<1d>012<1d>013
        The characters that are considered to delimit  'words'  in  your  file.
        This affects the move-by-word command, the delete-word command, and the
        word-fill command.  For example, when you do a DELW, ED starts  at  the
        cursor  position, looking for a character that is in the word-character
        list, followed by a character that is not  in  the  list,  and  deletes
        everything up to (but not including) the second character.
   page=<1d>012
        The character that delimits a page.
   paragraph=<1d>013<1d>013
        The string that delimits a paragraph. Text that is  separated  by  this
        string is not joined together during a word fill operation.
   search=gbnnn
        The default search flags:

           a) g means case-insensitive, else (e) case-sensitive.
           b) b means match position is at beginning of string, else (e) end.
           c) w means wildcards are enabled, else (n) not.
           d) n means no search table, else (t) table in effect.
           e) r means use regular expression searching, n means don't.
              r overrides the rest of the flags, except beginning/end.

   stable=~/categories.st
        The name of the search table file to be  used  if  the  search  is  set
        TABLE.
   close=y
        Determines whether ED highlights closing parentheses. If set to 'y', ED
        will  briefly  highlight a corresponding parenthesis character when you
        type a parenthesis character. Set it  to  'n'  to  disable  parenthesis
        closing.
   parens=(){}[]
        The list of known parenthesis characters (for which parenthesis closing
        is performed).
   defext=c h for mar com dat log rno
        The list of default file extensions. When ED can't find a file name you
        provide,  it  tries  appending a period and each of these extensions to
        the name.  If it still doesn't find an existing file,  it  assumes  you
        want to create a new file, using the original name.
   auto=y
        Controls the 'auto tabs' feature. If set to 'y', ED will  automatically
        insert  enough tabs to line you up with the previous line in your file,
        each time you hit RETURN. This is handy in many programming  languages.
        Set it to 'n' to turn the feature off.
   cfriendly=y
        Controls the 'c-friendly' mode. If set to 'y',  ED  will  automatically
        position  }  characters directly under the { character they match. This
        is useful when programming in C. Set it to 'n' to disable the feature.
   boxmode=n
        Controls whether CUT and PASTE work in 'box mode'. See  the  'box_mode'
        help  topic  for  more about box mode. Set it to 'n' to disable box cut
        and paste.
   ndefined=11
        Tells how many key definitions to expect on the  immediately  following
        lines.   Set  this to 0 initially; ED will alter it whenever you define
        some keys and then issue a STORE KEYS command.

1 STORE

Use the STORE command to make a permanent copy of any or all  of  your  current
editor  settings  and  key  definitions. The current values and definitions are
written into your startup file on disk; whenever you start up ED, it reads  the
contents of the startup file to determine what settings and key definitions you
want to start up with.

The format of the STORE command is STORE item. If you just say STORE, all items
will be stored.

You can abbreviate the STORE command as ST.

2 AUTO_TABS

The STORE AUTO_TABS command will make ED  store  the  current  setting  of  the
AUTO_TABS  switch.  See  help  on SET AUTO_TABS for more information about auto
tabs.

You can abbreviate this command as ST AU.

2 AWRAP

The STORE AWRAP command will make ED store the current  setting  of  the  AWRAP
switch. See help on SET AWRAP for more information about autowrapping.

You can abbreviate this command as ST AW.

2 BOX

The STORE BOX command will make ED store the current setting of  the  box  mode
switch. See help on "box_mode" for more information about box mode.

You can abbreviate this command as ST B.

2 CASE

The STORE CASE command will make ED store the  current  setting  of  the  case-
change  value,  which  may be one of Upper, Lower, Opposite or Capitalize.  See
the help on SET CASE for more information about these choices.

You can abbreviate this command as ST CA.

2 CFRIENDLY

The STORE CFRIENDLY command will make ED  store  the  current  setting  of  the
CFRIENDLY  switch.  See  help  on  SET  CFRIENDLY for more information about C-
friendly mode.

You can abbreviate this command as ST CF.

2 CLOSE_PARENS

The STORE CLOSE_PARENS command will make ED store the current  setting  of  the
CLOSE_PARENS  switch.  See  help on SET CLOSE_PARENS for more information about
parenthesis matching.

You can abbreviate this command as ST CL.

2 DEFAULTS

The STORE DEFAULTS command will make  ED  store  the  current  setting  of  the
DEFAULTS  extension  list.  See help on SET DEFAULTS for more information about
how default extensions work.

You can abbreviate this command as ST D.

2 GREP

The STORE GREP command will make ED store the current setting of  the  GREPMODE
switch. See help on SET GREP for more information about GREP modes.

You can abbreviate this command as ST G.

2 KEYS

The STORE KEYS command will make ED save all of your currently defined keys.

You can abbreviate the STORE KEYS command as ST K.

2 OVERSTRIKE

The STORE OVERSTRIKE command will make ED store  the  current  setting  of  the
OVERSTRIKE  switch. See help on SET OVERSTRIKE for more information about over-
strike mode.

You can abbreviate this command as ST O.

2 PAGE

The STORE PAGE command will store the  current  value  of  the  page  delimiter
string.

You can abbreviate the STORE PAGE command as ST PAG.

2 PARAGRAPH

The STORE PARAGRAPH command will store the current value of the paragraph  del-
imiter string.

You can abbreviate the STORE PARAGRAPH command as ST PARA.

2 PARENTHESES

The STORE PARENTHESES command will make ED store the currently active  list  of
parentheses. See help on SET PARENTHESES for more information.

You can abbreviate this command as ST PARE.

2 SEARCH

The STORE SEARCH command will make ED save your current search parameters.

You can abbreviate the STORE SEARCH command as ST SEA.

2 SECTION

The STORE SECTION command will make ED save your  current  SECTION  value.  The
SECTION  value is the number of lines ED moves the cursor when you hit the SEC-
TION key.

You can abbreviate the STORE SECTION command as ST SEC.

2 STABLE

The STORE STABLE command will make ED save your current search table file name.

You can abbreviate the STORE STABLE command as ST ST.

2 TABS

The STORE TABS command will make ED store the name of the tab  settings  you're
currently using.

You can abbreviate the STORE TABS command as ST T.

2 WILDCARD

The STORE WILDCARD command will store the current search-string WILDCARD  char-
acter.  See SET WILDCARD for more about search wildcards.

You can abbreviate the STORE WILDCARD command as ST WI.

2 WORD

The STORE WORD command will store the current values of the word delimiters.

You can abbreviate the STORE WORD command as ST WO.

2 WRAP

The STORE WRAP command will store the current wrap margin.

You can abbreviate the STORE WRAP command as ST WR.

1 SUBSTITUTE

The SUBSTITUTE command makes ED replace  every  appearance  of  a  string  with
another string. It applies only the the window the cursor is in. The syntax is:

SUBSTITUTE /string1/string2/

This command will cause every appearance of string1 (in the current window)  to
be  changed to string2. Note that you can use a character other than '/' if one
of your strings actually contains the '/' character:

SUBSTITUTE ?/usr/lib?/usr/local/lib?

In this case, '?' is the delimiter, and the '/' characters are considered  part
of the strings.

The second string can be null (which makes the command just remove instances of
the first string). This looks like this:

SUBSTITUTE /xyz//

This command would remove all appearances of the string 'xyz'.  Note  that  you
can't use a null value for string1; ED will complain if you try.

You can abbreviate the SUBSTITUTE command as SU. Note that there  is  a  keypad
key  called SUBST that does one or more substitutions. You can find more infor-
mation about this by looking at the help topic 'keypad details SUBST'.

1 tabs

Your startup file defines a number of tab setups. Here is an example:

 tabs=5
 curtab=1
 normal
 t       t       t       t       t       t       t       t       t...
 c
 t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t...
 fortran
 t       t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t   t...
 macro
 t               t        t     t     t     t     t     t     t     t...
 none
 tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt...

The first line, tabs=5, means that there  are  five  tab  setups  defined.  The
second  line, curtab=1, means that the default tab setup (when you start up ED)
is number one. Note that the first setup is number zero, so in this  case,  the
default tab setup is 'c'.

Immediately following the curtab=1 line are the tab  setup  definitions.  There
must  be  exactly as many tab setups as are claimed by the tabs= line. Each tab
setup has two lines: the first gives the name of the setup, which can  be  any-
thing. The second line actually shows there the tab stops are. This line should
have a t in the first column, followed by a t in each column you want the  cur-
sor to move to when you hit tab.

It's a good idea to make the tab setup lines long enough  that  they  can  work
correctly  for the widest terminal you expect to use. If you run off the end of
a tab setup (that is, a record in the file is longer than the tab  setup  line)
ED reverts to every-eight-column tabs.

1 terminals

ED is somewhat device-independent. There is no information  in  the  executable
code  that  tells  ED  how  a  given terminal works; all such terminal-specific
information is kept in external disk files, which are read in when you start up
ED.  These  files are called terminal description files. If you have a terminal
that is not already supported by ED, you can (if you understand how your termi-
nal  works)  create  a terminal description file for that terminal. Once you do
this, you will be able to use ED on that kind of terminal.

2 teaching

You can teach ED about the sequences of byte your keyboard generates by  invok-
ing  ED  with the -z option. It will ask you for the name of an existing confi-
guration file (from which it gets the terminal display  control  commands)  and
then  will prompt you to press all the key combinations it understands. It will
also ask you how many additional keys you want to have available.  By  default,
these  additional  keys  will make ED insert meaningless eightbit characters in
the file, but you can store key definitions under them.

2 caveats

ED distinguishes between terminals that have some smarts,  and  terminals  that
are  'braindead'.  Braindead terminals are considered completely uncontrollable
in the conventional way (that is, by  sending  control  strings  to  them)  and
require  special  programming  of some kind in order that ED can use them. This
has been done (so far) only for DOS and OS/2 machines.

Terminals that have some smarts may have more or less smarts depending on their
design.  If  a terminal has no control string to position the cursor, for exam-
ple, you should probably tell ED that the terminal is braindead and write what-
ever special code is necessary.

ED expects non-braindead terminals to be able to do at least the following:

o  Position the cursor.
o  Erase the screen.
o  Erase from the cursor to the end of the cursor's line.
o  Erase from the cursor to the bottom of the screen.
o  Move the cursor to the right or left.
o  Do something like what carriagereturn does.
o  Do something like what carriagereturn-newline does, with scrolling.

2 file_format

The first 19 lines of the description file contain control strings. If the ter-
minal doesn't support a particular kind of control string, the single character
~ should appear on the corresponding line. This tells ED that  that  capability
is  missing, and ED attempts to compensate for that. Braindead terminals should
have a ~ on all lines except the 17th.

The control strings are (in order):

   1  A string that initializes the terminal. This string is sent to the termi-
      nal when you start ED.
   2  A string that returns the terminal to 'normal' mode. This string is  sent
      to the terminal when you leave ED.
   3  A string that positions the cursor. This  string  is  in  printf  format,
      where  the  row  and column are inserted into the string. A typical value
      (for ANSI terminals) would be <escape>[%d;%dH.
   4  A string that sets the scrolling region. This string is in printf format,
      where  the  row  and column are inserted into the string. A typical value
      (for ANSI terminals) would be <escape>[%d;%dr. This functionality is  not
      required, but it makes ED more efficient.
   5  A string that puts the terminal in reverse-video  mode.  This  is  not  a
      required function, but it improves ED's appearance.
   6  A string that returns the terminal to normal-video mode.
   7  A string that makes the terminal beep or warn the user in some way.  This
      is  an  optional  functionality,  but it helps for communicating with the
      user.
   8  A string that makes the terminal delete lines, starting with the line the
      cursor  is on, scrolling up from the bottom of the scrolling region. This
      string has one parameter (the number of lines to delete) and it, like the
      positioning string, is in printf format (e.g.: <escape>[%dM).
   9  A string that makes the terminal insert blank lines at the  cursor  posi-
      tion,  scrolling  existing  lines down toward the bottom of the scrolling
      region. This string has one parameter (the number of lines to delete) and
      it,   like   the   positioning   string,   is  in  printf  format  (e.g.:
      <escape>[%dL).
   10 A string that erases the entire screen.
   11 A string that erases all characters (on the cursor's line) from the  cur-
      sor position to the right side of the screen.
   12 A string that moves the cursor up, unless the cursor is at the top of the
      scrolling region, in which case the scrolling region is scrolled down.
   13 A string that moves the cursor down, unless the cursor is at  the  bottom
      of  the  scrolling region, in which case the scrolling region is scrolled
      up.
   14 A string that moves the cursor to the right. This string has one  parame-
      ter   (the   number   of   columns  to  move)  in  printf  format  (e.g.:
      <escape>[%dC).
   15 A string that moves the cursor to the left. This string has one parameter
      (the number of columns to move) in printf format (e.g.: <escape>[%dD).
   16 A string that moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line,  scrol-
      ling up if the cursor is at the bottom of the scrolling region. Most ter-
      minals will use carriagereturn-linefeed for this.
   17 A string that ED uses to show you where the end of the file is. <eob>  is
      recommended.
   18 A string that moves the cursor to the beginning  of  the  line  it's  on.
      Carriagereturn should work for most terminals.
   19 A string that erases from the  cursor  position  to  the  bottom  of  the
      screen.

These control strings may contain strange control characters,  so  to  make  it
easier  to  represent such characters, there is a trick for including them in a
way that won't confuse the operating system when it's  reading  the  file.  The
ASCII  character 29 (decimal) is special; ED looks at the next three characters
in the string, and interprets them as an decimal representation of the  charac-
ter you really want. For example, to represent linefeed, you would use <29>010.

Immediately following the control  strings  is  a  section  of  the  file  that
describes  what characters are generated by the terminal when you press various
keys (in particular, the keypad keys). The first line of this section  contains
a  key  count  (this is line 20 of the file). The key count must be at least 44
(there are 44 required special keys that ED expects to have fixed meanings). If
you  want  to  have  other keys available to ED (for defining) you should use a
count greater than 44.

Following the key count are the sequences of characters the terminal will  send
to ED when you press keys. You should use the ASCII 29 trick to represent char-
acters that your operating system might not like. The sequences must be in  the
following order:

                         UP
                         DOWN
                         RIGHT
                         LEFT
                         NEXTLINE
                         WORD
                         EOL
                         CHAR
                         FORW
                         BACKW
                         CUT
                         PAGE
                         SECTION
                         APPEND
                         DELW
                         DELC
                         SELECT
                         ENTER
                         GOLD
                         CLONE
                         FNDNXT
                         DELL
                         OPENLINE
                         CHGCASE
                         DELEOL
                         SPECINS
                         BOTTOM
                         TOP
                         PASTE
                         COMMAND
                         FILL
                         REPLACE
                         UNDW
                         UNDC
                         RESET
                         SUBST
                         GOLD GOLD (not actually used)
                         WINDOW
                         FIND
                         UNDL
                         RETURN
                         MARK
                         SLIDERIGHT
                         SLIDELEFT

You should probably look at the ansi.ed template  file  to  see  how  all  this
works.  Following the 44th character sequence, you can put additional sequences
that your terminal may be capable of generating.  Including  them  in  the  the
description makes it possible to define the corresponding keys.

1 TIME

The TIME command loads the paste buffer with the current time  of  day  in  the
format  HH:MM:SS,  where  HH is the hour(military), MM is the minute, and SS is
the second.

You can use TI as an abbreviation for TIME.

1 TRIM

The TRIM command trims trailing blanks and tabs from every record in  a  buffer
(or  from  every  record in the select range, if select is active). When you do
this, you won't see anything, since the trimmed characters are not visible.

You can use TR as an abbreviation for TRIM.

1 UNLOAD

The UNLOAD command stores all of your key definitions is a listing file,  which
you can edit and then reload using the LOAD command.

The syntax of the command is UNLOAD filename, where filename is the name of the
created file containing the key definition listing.

You can abbreviate the UNLOAD command as U.

1 wildcards

ED allows you to use wildcards in file names; when you do so, it edits matching
files  in alphabetical order, one after the other. They way this works is a bit
complicated, and varies a bit from system to system. What you  need  to  under-
stand  is  that  processing  of  wildcards in file names depends on whether the
shell (on unix systems) 'sees' the wildcard characters, or whether only ED sees
them.  (Note:  none  of this discussion applies to VMS systems, because they do
not have a shell).

If you invoke ED from the command line, the shell will, in general, expand  any
wildcards it sees. For example, if you say

ED *.c

the shell will find all names matching *.c, and convert your command into some-
thing like this:

ED abc.c xyz.c zzzzz.c

and *then* invoke ED. Thus, ED does not, in general, see any wildcards in files
coming  from  the  command line. On the other hand, when you are looking at the
File> prompt, and you enter  file  names  with  wildcards,  the  shell  is  not
involved, and the expansion is controlled by ED alone.

This means that you can take advantage of full  regular  expression  processing
when  invoking ED from the command line, and take advantage of a different kind
of wildcarding when you specify files in response to the File> prompt.  Specif-
ically, the wildcards supported within ED are:

*      The * matches any (possibly null) string of characters.

?      The ? matches any single character.

...    The  string  ...  is  an  instruction  to  search   all   subdirectories
       recursively, similarly to what ls -R does.

The best way to explain is with examples:

*.c               This would match all .c files in the current  working  direc-
                  tory.

a?b.c             This would match  files  like  azb.c,  or  aab.c,  but  *not*
                  addb.c. The ? matches only a single character.

.../*.c           This would match all .c files in the current  working  direc-
                  tory, and all subdirectories of it, down to any depth.

/a/b/.../e*/*.h   This would match all .h files that are in  directories  whose
                  names  start with e, which are in /a/b or any subdirectory of
                  /a/b.

You may find that ED just sits there when you use the more  complicated  forms.
This  is  not  wrong,  ED  is just examining all the directories you specified,
finding all file names that match. Once the first file appears, things  proceed
quickly.

1 windows

This section describes the windowing feature, which lets you  open  windows  to
other files while you are editing your main file.

2 using_windows

ED allows you to split the terminal screen up into separate 'windows' that show
the  contents of different files, or different parts of the same file.  Windows
let you compare, at a glance,  information  that  resides  in  separate  files,
without having to memorize or write anything down.

They are especially useful to programmers, who frequently  need  to  make  sure
that  some subroutine is receiving the same arguments that some calling routine
is trying to pass to it. It is a simple  matter,  for  instance,  to  use  your
system's  online  help  command  to  create a file containing useful programmer
information. Once this file is on the system, anyone can window into it to  get
the information without having to go chasing after manuals.

2 window_command

To enter window command mode, press the WINDOW key on the keypad (usually  Gold
PF2). You will get a prompt:

Open,Close,Move,Spawn>

If you get this prompt by mistake, just hit RETURN to continue editing.

2 OPEN

To open a new window, respond to the main window prompt by typing O and hitting
RETURN. You will get a new prompt:

Open file>

If you just hit RETURN here, you will be telling ED to create a new copy of the
data  in the window you're currently editing. If you enter a file name, ED will
try to open the file you specify and load its contents  into  the  new  window.
Wildcards are allowed in the file name; the first matching file ED finds is the
one it selects. Default extensions (from your startup file) are applied to  the
filename  you  specify,  if  it  has no extension. If no file with the name you
specify exists, an empty window is created.

You can use the -b or -h options either when you type O, or when you enter  the
file  name.  Entering  the  filename as just -b will make a copy of the current
window, but will display it in binary mode.

The new window will appear at the bottom of the screen. Any other windows  will
be  chopped  or  squeezed  upward to make enough room for it. Since the minimum
window size is three lines, you may run out of room on the screen. Once the new
window  appears,  the data from the appropriate file will fill it (if appropri-
ate) and the cursor will jump to the top of the new window.

You can set the cursor's initial position in the new file by  specifying  -innn
when  you  give the O command. This works the same way the -i option works when
you invoke ED.

2 MOVE

To move from one window to another, there are three options:

   1  Respond to the main window prompt by typing M  and  hitting  RETURN.  The
      cursor  will move to the window above the one it's in. If it's already in
      the top window, it moves to the bottom window. This means that when there
      are two windows display, M moves to the 'other' window.

   2  There is a shorthand involved in the move command, to wit: ML  will  move
      to  the "last" window, that is, the window above the one you're currently
      in. The 'L' can be repeated: MLLL will move to the window three above the
      current  one.   Similarly,  MN  will  move  to the "next" window; the one
      below. MNN will move two windows down, etc.

   3  You can use the MARK and RETURN commands to toggle back and forth between
      two windows. See the help on MARK for more about how these commands work.

2 CLOSE

To close a window, there are two options:

   1  Respond to the main window prompt by typing C  and  hitting  RETURN.  The
      window  the  cursor is in will be removed from the screen. Note that this
      does not cause any update to disk files; the buffer is just thrown  away.
      Also,  you cannot close the top window this way; you must QUIT or EXIT to
      get out of that one.

   2  There is a shorthand involved in the close command, to wit: CL will close
      the "last" window, that is, the window above the one you're currently in.
      The 'L' can be repeated: CLLL will  close  the  window  three  above  the
      current  one.  Similarly, CN will close the "next" window; the one below.
      CNN will close the window two windows down, etc.

2 SPAWN

The window SPAWN command has two forms: one to create a new window and let  you
run  commands  in it, and another to run a single command, without creating any
new window.

If you just say SPAWN (which can be abbreviated as S), ED makes a new window on
the  screen,  but instead of loading a file into it, it creates another process
on the system. This lets you talk to the operating system, look for files, read
mail  and  whatnot,  without  really leaving your editing session. When you get
done with a spawned window, you log out in the usual way, and the  window  (and
its process) disappears. At this point, you can continue editing where you left
off. (If your terminal doesn't support scrolling, you may need to hit control-W
to fix the screen when you log out of the window.)

If you put an operating system command following the word SPAWN,  ED  runs  the
command in a subprocess and returns to the window prompt as soon as the command
completes. No new window appears, and any output from the shell command appears
on  the  screen in a disorderly way (use control-W to restore the appearance of
the screen). If you're editing on a unix system, you can  redirect  the  output
(if any) of the command, to avoid messing up the screen.

1 WRITE

The WRITE command will make ED write the contents  of  the  current  window  to
disk. The current window is the one the cursor is in. The syntax is

WRITE filename

If you leave the filename off and just say WRITE, a new  version  of  the  file
that  the window looks into will be created. If select is active when you issue
the WRITE command, the contents of the select range will be written, instead of
the entire file. If box mode is in effect, only the box is written.

Writing the select range can be dangerous, so be careful. In fact, if you issue
the  WRITE  command  without  specifying  a file name, ED turns select off, and
writes out the entire file. This is to prevent you  from  trying  to  WRITE  to
update  a  file,  when you don't know that select is active, and ending up with
only that select range in the file. If you want to write a  select  range,  you
*must*  specify a file name. If you are editing test.dat, and you *really* want
to write a select range back to that file, say WRITE test.dat.

One trouble with the WRITE command is  that  you  may  make  it  impossible  to
correctly  recover  edits  if your process (or the system) crashes. Suppose you
window into a file, kill some text, write the window, pop back to the main win-
dow, and insert the killed text, and then the system crashes. Because you modi-
fied the file you windowed into (by WRITEing it), the recovery won't  find  the
windowed  file  in  the  same state it was in originally. My policy is to avoid
getting text I insert into the main buffer from files I later WRITE to.

You can abbreviate the WRITE command as W.